In 2015, rural counties not adjacent to an urban county had an average of 2.1 independent grocery stores—whose owners operate fewer than four stores—compared with 1.9 chain grocery stores

Annemiek Schilder (3350369)

Cesar Rodriguez-Saona (155589)

Lynn S. Adler (823309)

Matthew J. Grieshop (3350363)

Scott H. McArt (549345)

Timothy D. Miles (3350366)

PLoS ONE

PubMed

Attraction of Diptera (a) and Hymenoptera (b) to individual volatiles and synthetic blends of compounds from blueberry flowers and Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc) shoot strikes. Data are from five blueberry plantings in each of three states (Massachusetts, Michigan and New Jersey; n = 15 plantings total). Diptera did not respond to the volatile treatments (F7,112 = 0.4, P = 0.9), however, the abundance of Hymenoptera was affected by the treatments (F7,112 = 4.2, P < 0.001). Different letters correspond to treatments that are significantly different via Tukey’s post-hoc contrasts (α = 0.05). Means ± SE shown.</p

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Floral Scent Mimicry and Vector-Pathogen Associations in a Pseudoflower-Inducing Plant Pathogen System - Fig 5

Several fungal plant pathogens induce ‘pseudoflowers’ on their hosts to facilitate insect-mediated transmission of gametes and spores. When spores must be transmitted to host flowers to complete the fungal life cycle, we predict that pseudoflowers should evolve traits that mimic flowers and attract the most effective vectors in the flower-visiting community. We quantified insect visitation to flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc), the causative agent of mummy berry disease of blueberry. We developed a nested PCR assay for detecting Mvc spores on bees, flies and other potential insect vectors. We also collected volatiles from blueberry flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Mvc, and experimentally manipulated specific pathogen-induced volatiles to assess attractiveness to potential vectors. Bees and flies accounted for the majority of contacts with flowers, leaves infected with Mvc and healthy leaves. Flowers were contacted most often, while there was no difference between bee or fly contacts with healthy and infected leaves. While bees contacted flowers more often than flies, flies contacted infected leaves more often than bees. Bees were more likely to have Mvc spores on their bodies than flies, suggesting that bees may be more effective vectors than flies for transmitting Mvc spores to flowers. Leaves infected with Mvc had volatile profiles distinct from healthy leaves but similar to flowers. Two volatiles produced by flowers and infected leaves, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic aldehyde, were attractive to bees, while no volatiles manipulated were attractive to flies or any other insects. These results suggest that Mvc infection of leaves induces mimicry of floral volatiles, and that transmission occurs primarily via bees, which had the highest likelihood of carrying Mvc spores and visited flowers most frequently

McArt, Scott H.

Miles, Timothy D.

Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar

Schilder, Annemiek

Adler, Lynn S.

Grieshop, Matthew J.

ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst

English

Floral Scent Mimicry and Vector-Pathogen Associations in a Pseudoflower-Inducing Plant Pathogen System

Cho, Clare

AgEcon Search - Research in Agricultural & Applied Economics

Despite Slow Growth From 2005 to 2015, Independent Grocery Stores Remain Important for Rural Communities

<div>Several fungal plant pathogens induce ‘pseudoflowers’ on their hosts to facilitate insect-mediated transmission of gametes and spores. When spores must be transmitted to host flowers to complete the fungal life cycle, we predict that pseudoflowers should evolve traits that mimic flowers and attract the most effective vectors in the flower-visiting community. We quantified insect visitation to flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc), the causative agent of mummy berry disease of blueberry. We developed a nested PCR assay for detecting Mvc spores on bees, flies and other potential insect vectors. We also collected volatiles from blueberry flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Mvc, and experimentally manipulated specific pathogen-induced volatiles to assess attractiveness to potential vectors. Bees and flies accounted for the majority of contacts with flowers, leaves infected with Mvc and healthy leaves. Flowers were contacted most often, while there was no difference between bee or fly contacts with healthy and infected leaves. While bees contacted flowers more often than flies, flies contacted infected leaves more often than bees. Bees were more likely to have Mvc spores on their bodies than flies, suggesting that bees may be more effective vectors than flies for transmitting Mvc spores to flowers. Leaves infected with Mvc had volatile profiles distinct from healthy leaves but similar to flowers. Two volatiles produced by flowers and infected leaves, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic aldehyde, were attractive to bees, while no volatiles manipulated were attractive to flies or any other insects. These results suggest that Mvc infection of leaves induces mimicry of floral volatiles, and that transmission occurs primarily via bees, which had the highest likelihood of carrying Mvc spores and visited flowers most frequently.</div

Scott H. McArt

Timothy D. Miles

Cesar Rodriguez-Saona

Annemiek Schilder

Lynn S. Adler

Matthew J. Grieshop

Crossref

Blueberry leaves infected with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc) exhibit fungal conidia in a sugary matrix on the surface of blighted tissue, called mummy berry shoot ‘strikes’ (A and B). Honey bee foraging on a blueberry flower (C).</p

Floral Scent Mimicry and Vector-Pathogen Associations in a Pseudoflower-Inducing Plant Pathogen System - Fig 1

Number of contacts (approaches that led to contacting each respective tissue) and approaches by Diptera (flies), Hymenoptera (bees) and other insects to blueberry flowers, healthy leaves, and leaves infected with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc) in three Michigan blueberry plantings in 2008 (a) and 2009 (b) as observed in video-recordings. The difference between flower vs. Mvc-infected leaf contacts for Hymenoptera (Bees) vs. Diptera (Flies) was significant in both years (2008: Pearson χ2 = 60.5, P < 0.001; 2009: Pearson χ2 = 392.7, P < 0.001).</p

Floral Scent Mimicry and Vector-Pathogen Associations in a Pseudoflower-Inducing Plant Pathogen System - Fig 2

Several fungal plant pathogens induce 'pseudoflowers' on their hosts to facilitate insect-mediated transmission of gametes and spores. When spores must be transmitted to host flowers to complete the fungal life cycle, we predict that pseudoflowers should evolve traits that mimic flowers and attract the most effective vectors in the flower-visiting community. We quantified insect visitation to flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc), the causative agent of mummy berry disease of blueberry. We developed a nested PCR assay for detecting Mvc spores on bees, flies and other potential insect vectors. We also collected volatiles from blueberry flowers, healthy leaves and leaves infected with Mvc, and experimentally manipulated specific pathogen-induced volatiles to assess attractiveness to potential vectors. Bees and flies accounted for the majority of contacts with flowers, leaves infected with Mvc and healthy leaves. Flowers were contacted most often, while there was no difference between bee or fly contacts with healthy and infected leaves. While bees contacted flowers more often than flies, flies contacted infected leaves more often than bees. Bees were more likely to have Mvc spores on their bodies than flies, suggesting that bees may be more effective vectors than flies for transmitting Mvc spores to flowers. Leaves infected with Mvc had volatile profiles distinct from healthy leaves but similar to flowers. Two volatiles produced by flowers and infected leaves, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic aldehyde, were attractive to bees, while no volatiles manipulated were attractive to flies or any other insects. These results suggest that Mvc infection of leaves induces mimicry of floral volatiles, and that transmission occurs primarily via bees, which had the highest likelihood of carrying Mvc spores and visited flowers most frequently

Scott H McArt

Timothy D Miles

Lynn S Adler

Matthew J Grieshop

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Floral Scent Mimicry and Vector-Pathogen Associations in a Pseudoflower-Inducing Plant Pathogen System.

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Despite Slow Growth From 2005 to 2015, Independent Grocery Stores Remain Important for Rural Communities

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