Baryphyma gowerense (Locket, 1965), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834) and Rugathodes instabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) are reported for the first time in Finland. The first species was found by pitfall trapping on a wide aapa mire in Lapland and the two others by sweep netting on hemiboreal meadows on the Finnish south coast. The spider assemblages of the sites are described

Pajunen, Timo

Väisänen, Risto A.

English

Journal.fi

Pajunen & Väisänen • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 201544IntroductionThe Finnish spider fauna is relatively well known (Marusik & Koponen 2002). The number of spe-cies listed in the national checklist increased by less than 10% in the last four decades, from 598 to 645 between the years 1977 and 2013 (Ko-ponen & Fritzén 2013). Detections of new spe-cies are thus fairly rare events, little more than one per year on average. Our recent collections in some poorly studied areas and habitats have re-sulted in three spider species new to Finland and are here described.Study areas, material and methodsSpiders were collected from three areas by R. A. Väisänen.Mantovaaranaapa is a mesotrophic aapa mire in the main aapa mire zone (Laitinen et al. 2007). Mantovaaranaapa is about 5 km east from the First records of spiders (Araneae) Baryphyma gowerense (Locket, 1965) (Linyphiidae), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834) (Linyphiidae) and Rugathodes instabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) (Theridiidae) in FinlandTimo Pajunen & Risto A. VäisänenPajunen, T. & Väisänen, R. A., Finnish Museum of Natural History (Zoology), P.O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: timo.pajunen@helsinki.fi, risto.vaisanen@helsinki.fiBaryphyma gowerense (Locket, 1965), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834) and Rugathodes in-stabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) are reported for the first time in Finland. The first species was found by pitfall trapping on a wide aapa mire in Lapland and the two others by sweep netting on hemiboreal meadows on the Finnish south coast. The spider assemblages of the sites are described.center of Sodankylä and north of the main road running to Pelkosenniemi. A forestry road branch-es off the main road through the mire. The open area of the mire extends for about 2 × 0.4 km. Pit-fall traps were set up in a 50 × 50 m area (Finnish uniform grid coordinates 7479220:3488900) be-tween the road and the easternmost ponds of the northern margin of Mantovaaranaapa. The trap-ping period was 3–28 June 2008. Ten plastic cups were on hummocks and ten in flarks (Fig. 1). The cups contained propanol (concentration 50 %) to preserve the animals, some detergent to decrease surface tension, had plastic shelters and were emptied only once at the end of the period. To-tal catch was 371 spiders, 94 % of which could be determined to species level and are here reported.The meadow of Vuosaari (”Vuosaarenhuip-pu”, Hill Peak of Vuosaari) is a recreational area of about 60 ha in Helsinki, bordering a large har-bor. Starting in the 1990s, the meadow was found on an old dumping ground of limestone industry and municipal wastes. The area was ventilated by Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91: 44–50. 2015Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 2015 • Pajunen & Väisänen 45wells, pipelines and a pumping station and cov-ered by filling earth received mainly from the har-bor area. Landmasses and plants were placed to resemble the biotopes of the outer islands of the Finnish archipelago, the open slopes of hills and traditionally grazed meadows (Toivonen 2015). Diversity of plant life has been improved with volunteer work by multiple people. Growth of bushes and tall perennials has been reduced an-nually. Spiders were collected by sweep netting from low (< 50 cm) herbs and grasses in a south-ern (6680860:3398230) and a northern part of Fig. 1. Cover of a pitfall trap on a hummock (A) and in a flark (B) at mire Mantovaaranaapa in Sodankylä. Sparse trees are pines, green plants of flarks are sedges (Carex spp.) and horse-tails (Equisetum spp.). Photo: R. A. Väisänen 28 June 2008.ABPajunen & Väisänen • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 201546Fig. 2. Meadows in Helsinki: Vuosaari south (A) and Vuosaari north (B) in midsummer and Hert-toniemi (C) at autumn. Photo: Kaarina Väisänen 19.7.2015 (A–B), R. A. Väisänen 19.10.2015 (C).ABCMemoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 2015 • Pajunen & Väisänen 47the meadow (6681370:3398260) (Fig. 2, A–B). The southern site was sampled on 14.7.2014, 17.8.2014 and 26.5.2015 and the northern site on 10.6.2015 and 18.7.2015. Each sample lasted two hours, including sweeping and picking of spiders into alcohol by hand from an inverted white um-brella, which helped to detect numerous dark and small spiders. Total catch of these five samples resulted in 595 individuals (including one har-vestman). Only 49% of these could be determined to species level.The meadow of Herttoniemi (6677910: 3390690) is also in Helsinki, 30 m from the east-ern shore of Saunalahti, which belongs to the Na-ture Sanctuary of Viikki-Vanhankaupunginlahti. The size of the meadow is only about 0.5 ha. It contains several wet sites. Herbs and grasses are tall and luxuriant. In late summer the meadow is managed by cutting hey by scythe and harvesting (Fig. 2C). Maples, birches and aspens dominate in forest edges. No part of the meadow is farther off than 20 m from the trees. Spiders were collected by sweep netting from herbs and grasses. Samples were made 11.6.2015 and 5.7.2015. The total catch of these two sam-ples resulted in 327 individuals (including 19 har-vestmen), 90 % of which could be determined to species level.Fig. 3. Baryphyma gowerense male from Mantovaara-naapa, Sodankylä. Photo: T. Pajunen.All identifications were made by T. Pajunen. Samples were stored in the collections of the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki (MZH).ResultsBaryphyma gowerense (Locket, 1965)We got two B. gowerense males (Fig. 3) from Mantovaaranaapa in Sodankylä, about 1000 km north of its nearest occurrences in Upland in Swe-den and in Estonia (Kronestedt 1979, Vilbaste 1987). Its global distribution is holarctic (World Spider Catalog 2015) but scattered. In Europe it is known only in Britain and Ireland, Poland, Esto-nia, Sweden and now in Finland. The species has also been found in Siberia, Russia and in Canada.B. gowerense males were collected from two flark traps (Fig. 1B), 40 m apart. The most fre-quent species in these samples were common spi-ders of north boreal bogs (Table 1), where ly-cosids like Pardosa sphagnicola (Dahl, 1908) and linyphiids like Oryphantes angulatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1881) often are dominating (Ko-ponen 2002). Flarks of aapa mires are flooded in spring when the snow melts. Wet habitats are typ-ical for B. gowerense also in Britain (saltmarsh Pajunen & Väisänen • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 201548and fens; SRS 2015) and in Sweden (seasonal-ly flooded meadow of a eutrophic lake; Kronest-edt 1979). In Poland, the species was found at a sedge-moss marsh in Biebrza National Park (Ku-pryjanowicz 1997).Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834)Three E. flavipes females were captured in 14.7.2014 (Fig. 4) and two in 18.7.2015 in Vuo-saari. The first sample was from the southern and the second from the northern study site of the meadow. Since these are 500 m apart and the sam-ples are from two years, the population seems to have spread over the area. Males were not found, however. One possibility is that they prefer higher and thorny vegetation that was not swept or mere-ly that the mating season was either over or still to come. Our scarce data fits well with the Brit-ish description of the habitat and ecology of this species (SRS 2015): ”Calcareous grassland and woodland. E. flavipes is mainly found on calcar-eous grassland and by beating bushes and vege-tation in woodland. It is adult in the summer, our data indicating a peak in June.”E. flavipes has an European distribution (Nentwig et al. 2015). In the north it has been re-ported in Estonia and Norway. In Sweden, Tull-gren (1955) described specimen found in Väst-Fig. 4. Entelecara flavipes female from Vuosaari, Helsin-ki. Photo: Pekka Malinen, edited by T. Pajunen.Fig. 5. Rugathodes instabilis female from Herttoniemi, Helsinki. Photo: T. Pajunen.manland as a new species E. forsslundi 1955, but Wunderlich (2011) synonymized these two spe-cies.Rugathodes instabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871)One Rugathodes instabilis female (Fig. 5) was captured in the meadow of Herttoniemi on 5.7.2015. This is the second record of this spe-cies from Fennoscandia. The first was a female 1 mm1 mmMemoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 2015 • Pajunen & Väisänen 49found at an eutrophic pool in Stockholm, Swe-den (Kronestedt 1993). In the UK, R. instabilis builds its webs on low vegetation in wetland hab-itats (SRS 2015), but might also live in high veg-etation of humid forests and meadows in Europe (Nentwig et al. 2015). Thus the Finnish individual was probably swept from wet parts of the mead-ow. Nearby there are more wet habitats with rich vegetation, for example black alder (Alnus gluti-nosa) forests. These might support the existence of sedentary population of R. instabilis.The most abundant spiders in each of the two meadows sampled in Helsinki are shown in Table 2. There is little faunal overlap between the sam-ples. Species typical of dry and sunny meadows were common in Vuosaari (e.g. Dictyna arundi-nacea (Linnaeus, 1758), Heliophanus flavipes (Hahn, 1832)), and those of damp places, bush-es and trees dominated in Herttoniemi (e.g. Gon-gylidium rufipes (Linnaeus, 1758), Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873) (Nentwig et al. 2015). Table 1. Ten most numerous spider species from pitfall traps at mire Mantovaaranaapa in Sodankylä in June 2008. Ten traps were on hummocks and ten in flarks (Fig. 1). The species belong to the sheet weavers family (Linyphiidae), except the wolf spider Pardosa sphagnic-ola (Lycosiidae) and the dwarf sheet spider Antistea ele-gans (Hahniidae).  SpeciesHummock trapsFlark trapsPardosa sphagnicola (Dahl, 1908) 82 61Agyneta decora (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) 29 6Centromerus levitarsis (Simon, 1884) 25 10Agyneta olivacea (Emerton, 1882) 21 -Antistea elegans (Blackwall, 1841) - 14Walckenaeria antica (Wider, 1834) 14 1W. kochi (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872) 9 5Oryphantes angulatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1881) 8 4Agyneta cauta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1902) - 7A. mossica (Schikora, 1993) 4 3Number of species 28 14Individuals 250 121Table 2. The most abundant spider species (>10 individ-uals) sweep netted from grass and herb layer on two meadows Vuosaari and Herttoniemi in Helsinki.  Species FamilyVuosaariHerttoniemiEnoplognatha ovata  (Clerck, 1757)Theridiidae 23 62Gongylidium rufipes  (Linnaeus, 1758)Linyphiidae - 40Phylloneta impressa  (L. Koch, 1881)Theridiidae 29 -Paidiscura pallens  (Blackwall, 1834)Theridiidae 10 18Dictyna arundinacea  (Linnaeus, 1758)Dictynidae 24 -Neottiura bimaculata  (Linnaeus, 1767)Theridiidae 22 2Singa hamata  (Clerck, 1757)Araneidae 24 -Heliophanus flavipes  (Hahn, 1832)Salticidae 22 -Porrhomma pygmaeum  (Blackwall, 1834)Linyphiidae - 22Araneus quadratus  Clerck, 1757Araneidae 16 -Hypsosinga pygmaea  (Sundevall, 1831)Araneidae 16 -Tetragnatha dearmata  Thorell, 1873Tetragnathidae - 15Tibellus oblongus  (Walckenaer, 1802)Philodromidae 15 -Tetragnatha pinicola  L. Koch, 1870Tetragnathidae 5 8Neriene clathrata  (Sundevall, 1830)Linyphiidae - 11Savignia frontata  Blackwall, 1833Linyphiidae 1 10Number of species 53 42Individuals 595 327Pajunen & Väisänen • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 91, 201550DiscussionBoth Entelecara flavipes and Rugathodes insta-bilis might be currently expanding northwards, as is the case of other recently detected spider spe-cies (see Fritzén, Koponen & Pajunen, in this vol-ume). Both live in grassy habitats and are proba-bly capable to balloon, i.e. to move air-borne car-ried by the silk threads from place to place. We did find in Vuosaari another notable spider spe-cies, Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) (Aranei-dae). This species has also been expanding from the southwest in the 2000s. Two juveniles from the southern site of the hill in 17.8.2014 are the most eastern observations of that species in Fin-land. We also found two juveniles of another ara-neid, Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer, 1802), a very rare species in Finland, assessed as vul-nerable in Red List of Finnish Species (Rassi et al. 2010), being almost solely found on bogs and mires in the country. In Southern Europe it prefers open terrain with grass and bushes (Nentwig et al. 2015). The thomisid spider Diaea dorsata (Fab-ricius, 1777), which lives only near the southern coast has become more frequent around Helsinki. Female and juvenile were caught from grasses at Vuosaari north in 10.6.2015, although the species is mainly living on bushes and trees. Finally, Agy-neta saxatilis (Blackwall, 1844) (Liny phiidae) must be mentioned from Herttoniemi, where a fe-male was caught in 5.7.2015. This species seems to be quite rare in Finland. Most verified observa-tions are from Helsinki region.Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Pedro Miguel Car-doso for comments of the manuscript.ReferencesKoponen, S. 2002: Ground-living spiders in bogs in Northern Europe. — The Journal of Arachnology 30: 262–267.Koponen, S. & Fritzén, N. 2013: Checklist of spiders in Finland (Araneae). Fifth version, February 2013. — University of Turku. http://biolcoll.utu.fi/arach/check-list_of_spiders_in_Finland.htmKronestedt, T. 1979: Acanthophyma gowerense (Locket) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), an erigonine spider new to Sweden. — Bulletin of the British Arachnological So-ciety 4: 398–401.Kronestedt, T. 1993: On Rugathodes instabilis (O.P.-Cam-bridge), new to Sweden, and R. bellicosus (Simon) (Araneae, Theridiidae). — Entomologisk Tidskrift 114 (3): 111–113.Laitinen, J., Rehell, S., Huttunen, A., Tahvanainen, T., Heikkilä, R. & Lindholm, T. 2007: Mire systems in Finland – special view to aapa mires and their water-flow pattern. — Suo 58 (1): 1–26.Marusik, Y. M. & Koponen, S. 2002: Diversity of spiders in Boreal and Arctic zones. — The Journal of Arach-nology 30: 205–210.Kupryjanowicz, J. 1997: Spiders of the Biebrza national Park – species new and rare to Poland. — In: Żabka, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the 16th European Colloqui-um of Arachnology, Siedlce, pp. 183–194.Nentwig, W., Blick, T., Gloor, D., Hänggi, A. & Kropf, C. 2015: Spiders of Europe. — www.araneae.unibe.ch, version 10.2015. Accessed 27.10.2015.Rassi, P., Hyvärinen, E., Juslén, A., & Mannerkoski, I. (eds.) 2010: The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species. — Ympäristöministeriö & Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. 685 p.SRS 2015: Spider and Harvestman Recording Scheme website. British Arachnological Society. — http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Welcome. Ac-cessed 27.10.2015.Toivonen, J. 2015: Vuosaarenhuippu [in Finnish]. — http://vuosaarenhuippu.blogspot.fi/. 3.7.2015. Ac-cessed 27.10.2015.Tullgren, A. 1955: Zur Kenntnis schwedischer Erigon-iden. — Arkiv för Zoologi (N.S.) 7: 295–389.Vilbaste, A. 1987: Eesti ämblikud (Aranei). Annoteeri-tud nimestik. Estonian spiders (Aranei). An annotat-ed check list. — Valgus, Tallin.World Spider Catalog 2015: World Spider Catalog, Natu-ral History Museum Bern, version 16.5. — http://wsc.nmbe.ch. Accessed 27.10.2015.Wunderlich, J. 2011: Extant and fossil spiders (Araneae). — Beiträge zur Araneologie 6: 1–640.

First records of spiders (Araneae) Baryphyma gowerense (Locket, 1965) (Linyphiidae), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834) (Linyphiidae) and Rugathodes instabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) (Theridiidae) in Finland

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First records of spiders (Araneae) Baryphyma gowerense (Locket, 1965) (Linyphiidae), Entelecara flavipes (Blackwall, 1834) (Linyphiidae) and Rugathodes instabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1871) (Theridiidae) in Finland

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