A comparative study about early literacy of 33 children from elementary school and 27 children from kindergarden was carried out, applying the Instrumento de Observación de los Logros de la Lectoescritura Inicial (Escamilla, Andrade, Basurto y Ruíz, 1996). The purpose of the present work was to characterize the level of early literacy considering the knowledge of the language written in both groups. The groups were evaluated in the first two weeks of the month of September and of October of the school cycle 2011-2012. In the results it was observed that they were only significant differences in the identification of letters. The results are discussed in relation to the concept of early literacy

Diaz, Miguel Bustos

Flores, Edgar A. Hernandez

Hernandez, Beatriz Morales

Matias, Oscar Mariano Perez

Ramirez, Mucio A. Romero

English

The Spanish Organic Law 3/2007 for the Effective Equality between Women and Men has introduced the concepts of sexual and gender harassment into the Spanish legal system, thus transposing EU directives on this subject into our domestic legal system. The first important consequence of this law is that these two actions are considered discriminatory, leading to the activation of anti-discriminatory legal and institutional mechanisms.The question remains as to whether the legal sanction – including the preventive measures to be adopted by companies – and the remedial measures will suffice to achieve the desired aim, or whether there will be the need to reinforce these legal entities. The ultimate aim is to promote changes in social behavior that will enable the creation of a culture of respect for equality in the workplace.The present paper aims to propose a reflection on the above-mentioned two legal entities in the Spanish legal system from three approaches, which are necessary and complementary: gender perspective, mainstreaming and a comprehensive approach. The combination of these approaches accounts for a new approach, which is important, as it reinforces the action against the social norms on which gender discrimination is based

Quesada, Salvador Peran

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

SEXUAL AND GENDER HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE IN SPAIN

The study aimed at investigating the qualitative change of American-Israeli relations during President Bill Clinton’s reign to recognize the American political policy and their practical applications concerning Israel to open channels of security and economic co-operation with Arab parties and guarantee Israeli superiority in the Middle East in general. Therefore, the study investigated the historical cultural background supporting those policies, the role played by the Zionist Lobby as a part of the secret government and the non-governmental pressure powers in the formation of the American bias to Israel. This was manifested in Clinton’s pressure on the Arab sides during the peace process courses for the accomplishment of the agreements and arrangements which could achieve the Israeli economic and security insertion in its Arabic Surrounding. The study concluded that Clinton's administration was the most biased to Israel resulting in creating new facts that make Israel the only winning side

Al-Rousan, Mohammad Ali

AMERICAN- ISRAELI RELATIONS DURING PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON'S REIGN

Indigenous trees are of high value among rural dwellers in Katsina State as indicated by many research findings. This research paper is aimed at assessing multi-purpose use of indigenous trees around Dutsin-ma area of Katsina State. An inventory of the trees is taken and multi-purpose use and access rights of the trees analyzed. The research identified seventy five (75) numbers of indigenous trees. It found that indigenous trees in the area play vital role on the socioeconomic development of the people and this has made it possible for the people to undergo various trading activities of some useful parts of the trees. The research recommends sustainable use of the resource through researches to explore more potential uses, and indiscriminate felling should be discouraged or stopped

Tukur, Rabi’u

Adamu, Garba K/Naisa

Abdulrashid, Ibrahim

Rabi’u, Murtala

INDIGENOUS TREES INVENTORY AND THEIR MULTIPURPOSE USES IN DUTSIN-MA AREA KATSINA STATE

The aim of this study is to determine what kind of violence women are exposed to, the reason why they are exposed to violence, the effects of the violence exposed on women, how they perceive violence and to study the opinions of women who are exposed and who are not exposed to violence in what concerns their marriages, their expectations from life and their way of living. This qualitative research was carried out in the descriptive model. The population of this study is women living in the city of Aksaray-Turkey. In the research, the qualitative data collection technique of interviewing was employed. In the research, in-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 68 women (34 who were subjected to violence and 34 who were not). Each of the interviews has been carried out by the researcher and lasted around 30-40 minutes. The findings of the present study conclude that marriage by family decision, whose husband’s high use of alcohol and cigarettes and not knowing the legal rights are the risk factors for physical domestic violence in Turkey. As an another finding of the study, we determined similar results in the following variables for women in the both groups; their levels of education, their husbands’ levels of education, their employment status, their everyday lives, family activities and their expectations from the future. However, there were differences in terms of their hobbies and limitations put by their husbands

Gundogdu, Rezzan

Yavuzer, Yasemin

European Scientific Journal, ESJ

TURKISH WOMEN: THOSE WHO ARE EXPOSED TO VIOLENCE AND THOSE WHO ARE NOT EXPOSED TO VIOLENCE

﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿The construction and/or rehabilitation of smallholder irrigation schemes in the Upper East Region of Ghana has been seen as an important intervention in attempts to improve the livelihood schemes of the people in the region. However, the management of these smallholder irrigation schemes, particularly the administration of the irrigable lands has become problematic. Decentralized communal institutions like the Water Users Associations which were set up to ensure the effective management of these schemes have proven incapable of the task, particularly with regards to the management of the irrigable areas of these schemes. Not only has the Water Users Association lost control over the management of the irrigable lands, they have apparently become non-functional or non-existent in some of the communities. This has resulted in the emergence of multiple land owners who have now taken over the responsibility of the land allocation from the Water Users Association. This situation is not only denying people access to the irrigable land of smallholder community irrigation schemes; it is also creating tensions and potential conflicts that may be difficult to manage in the near future. This paper assesses land management in three smallholder irrigation schemes in the Bawku East District of the Upper East Region of Ghana. The paper concludes that unless the current arrangement regarding the ownership and management of smallholder irrigation schemes’ lands is revisited and/or re-organized, the role and relevance of these schemes as livelihood mechanisms will be undermined

Akudugu, Jonas Ayaribilla

Issahaku, Mustapha

DANAMICS OF LAND OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT IN SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN THE BAWKU EAST DISTRICT OF GHANA

The study examines the influence that activities on Facebook have on self-esteem. It aims at finding whether Facebook activities will increase or decrease users’ self-esteem. 192 students selected from two universities participated in the study and their age ranges between 16 to 35 years. Data were collected with the use of two standardized research instruments namely Facebook Intensity Questionnaire (FBI) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). The data were analyzed using t-test for independent groups and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Four hypotheses were tested and results show a significant positive influence of Facebook on self-esteem. Age was found to have significant influence on self-esteem but not on Facebook usage. Also, no significant difference exists between female and male usage of Facebook. Findings also indicated that using headphones for Facebooking does not bring about greater self-esteem over those using desktop and laptop computers for Facebooking. It was concluded that engaging in Facebook activities will positively influence the self-esteem of Facebook users

Omolayo, Benjamin O.

Balogun, Shyngle K.

Omole, Olajumoke C.

INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO FACEBOOK ON SELF-ESTEEM

﻿﻿﻿The purpose of the study was to examine the transition experience of Jordanian national athletes retirement from the sport. Also, to investigate reasons of retirement, difficulties faced by athletes during transition and strategies used to cope with retirement. Subjects were (N=53) athletes (M=33, F=19), representing the Jordan National teams in different sports. Data was collected through the use of the Athlete Retirement Questionnaire (ARQ), developed by (Sinclair &amp; Orlick, 1993), which include (34) items divided into three variables ( reason of retirement, difficulties during transition, and coping strategies) and Personal Characteristics. Descriptive static, mean, standard deviation, percentage, and t. test were used to analyze the results.Results showed that reasons of retirement was due to athletes struggles with coaches, problem with sport federation, athletes experienced difficulties during retirement, missing social aspect of sport, lack of self- esteem, keeping feelings to self. Speaking with a friend who listens, were used as coping strategies by athletes. Athletes experienced stress during and following retirement.Finally, the quality of the sports career termination process depends on the freewill of athletes career termination. The study provides unique insight into the psychological effect of forced retirement from the sport. Therefore, it is recommended that more attention should be paid when to prepare and assist athletes during their transition to retirement, and, for the Jordanian Olympic committee to establish an (Athletic Service Center) to assist voluntaries athletes during their transition to career termination, and provide help after retirement

Hatamleh, Mazin R.

THE LIFE TRANSITIONS OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ATHLETES RETIREMENT FROM SPORT

﻿Drama is the most canonic and conservative literary form, connected with the theatre as a medium and is influenced by the institutional cultural level of a country. It was this theatre that disbursed with great desire the Albanian drama setting it at the top of its repertoire and thus bringing some specific phenomena of ethno-psychological and customary nature. Drama processing, under the guidance of socialist realism, was formalized in Albania. The theatre became the place of dissemination of the ideology of the time. During the 90’s the dramatic genre changes its course from realist drama towards a modern and postmodern one. The dramas of Serafin Fanko, Stefan Capaliku and Albri Brahusha came to know the success in different contests, but the impact on the reader spectators was reduced. These works functioned as an ironic metacommunication with the other texts. The ironic dialogue of these works with the Bible or the ancient legends of the Albanians brought on stage works of postmodern nature. The article, through a method of surveying artistic texts, metatexts, periodicals and archives, intends to analyze why the best efforts to save the dramatic genre from the crisis are done exactly by these modern texts of these authors. Although their reception has not been major, aesthetic sensitivity is better stimulated through this kind of theatre, the critical spirit, the reasoning and judgment of the reader spectator is refined to make it perceive intense communicative and stimulating experiences either from cultural or human perspective

Puka, Gezim

SOME MODERN DRAMATIC FORMS IN THE ALBANIAN THEATRE

﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿Service recovery is a critical moment of truth and provides an opportunity for firms to please and retain customers. Service failure and recovery remain critical issues for both academicians and marketing practitioners. The study aimed to explore the potential effect of perceived working environment (training, empowerment, motivation, supportive management, and service technology) on frontline employees’ service recovery performance. A total of 400 frontline employees were chosen with simple random sampling method from 20 hotels in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire in a self administered manner. 330 usable questionnaires were retrieved for a response rate of 82.5%. Structural Equations Model was used to verify the reliability and validity of the scale and to test the proposed model. The results showed that dimensions of working environment such as training, empowerment, motivation, supportive management, and service technology significantly predict frontline employees’ service recovery performance. Specifically, among the dimension of working environment, the most significant predictor of frontline employees’ service recovery performance was service technology and empowerment. This study implies that managers of four and five star hotels in Jordan should come forward and try their best to present a better work environment for frontline employees to enhance service recovery performance to maintain customers’ satisfaction

Masoud, Emad Y.

Hmeidan, Tahreer Abu

THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED WORK ENVIRONMENT ON FRONTLINE EMPLOYEES’ SERVICE RECOVERY PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF FOUR AND FIVE STAR HOTELS IN JORDAN

This article analyzed the primary themes of organizational dissent of police officers displayed on the forum pages of the web sites and individual, relational, and organizational determinants of dissent. In addition, it discussed the role of anonymity and its effect in dissent strategies displayed in online forums. The findings suggest that organizational problems, legal regulations and manager’s approaches were the main themes of police officers’ dissent in this particular online forum. In terms of determinants of dissent, holding non-managerial position, low quality relationships between superiors and subordinates, and strict hierarchical structure were found to be the main determinants of organizational dissent on the online forums. The anonymous nature of postings certainly provided an opportunity to express dissent with reduced fear of retribution or termination. However, anonymity also raised the question of validity of postings, the identity of participants and decreases the impact of postings

Yuksel, Yusuf

Tosun, Hamza

UNDERSTANDING DISSENT OF POLICE OFFICERS ON INTERNET FORUMS: CASE OF MEMURLAR.NET

http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/981/1053

ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DEL DESARROLLO DE LA ALFABETIZACIÓN EN POBLACIONES DE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA Y PREESCOLAR

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European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal, ESJ

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

European Scientific Journal, ESJ

European Scientific Journal, ESJ