Human serum Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an important enzyme in detoxification with its capacity for hydrolyzing esters. the inhibition of this enzyme lead to ill health. The reaction of enzyme with metals ions have grown in recent years,. in our study we examine the reaction of Mg+2 with normal and toxic form of enzyme .we collected samples as two groups for normal and toxic plasma, treated with different concentration of Mg+2 , compare the reading of plasma cholinesterase before and after treating , there are significant changing for that two groups at certain Mg+2 concentration. this changing may be for the allosteric effect of cholinesterase enzyme , reformation the binding site as its environment changing 

Bassal, Ali

Ghoul, Mohamed

Haddarah, Amira

Hamieh, Tayssir

Ioannou, Irina

Ismail, Ali

English

This analysis is aimed to explore the patterns of convergence in efficiency of telecommunication industry, as well as in adoption of major telecommunication services particularly fixed lines, mobile and internet usage from 2000 through 2009 in 301 African Countries. More specifically, it investigates whether: first, there is presence of sigma convergence; that is whether countries which were lagging behind in terms of efficiency in telecommunication industry have been catching up with the better performing countries. Secondly, whether countries have experienced beta convergence; meaning, countries which were less efficient at the earlier time have become more efficient at the later time and overtaken countries which were more efficient at the base year.Data Envelopment Analysis is used to determine efficiency scores of telecommunication sector across countries and Wilcoxon signed rank and coefficient of variation are employed to test the presence of beta and sigma convergence respectively. In terms of telecommunications efficiency, the study found that countries experienced sigma convergence although at a slower pace, and no evidence for beta convergence except in earlier period, 2000-2001. Regarding telecommunication services, mobile and internet usage exhibited the higher levels of both sigma and beta convergence while fixed lines followed similar trend as industry efficiency pattern. Following these results, it is suggested for policy makers to reduce the the industry efficiency gap by enact incentives to increasing catch-up in efficiency of teletecommunitions industry among countries

Moshi, Goodiel

European Scientific Journal (European Scientific Institute)

CONVERGENCE IN INDUSTRY EFFICIENCY AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN AFRICAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

The building sector is one of the largest sectors of energy consumption. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning - HVAC- is a critical component of any modern structure, from a ranch house to the tallest skyscraper. Typically, the energy that an HVAC system needs to work is directly drawn from the electric grid, But recently renewable energy offer other alternatives such as cooling with solar air conditioning which use the heat of the sun to reduce the energy needed to drive the cooling process of a conditioning system. This in turn, reduces the energy needed to run the compressor.The diagnosis is by definition, the identification of the cause of a failure by logical reasoning. In this light, our job is to cite the different methods of diagnosis, and make the best choice for a complex system of solar air conditioning following the characteristics desired and fixed

El-Amine, Ghernaout Med

Abdelkarim, Meghelli

APPROACH TO CHOICE A METHOD OF AID DIAGNOSTIC FOR INSTALLATION OF SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING

Clustering has evolved as an imperative research domain that enhances system performance such as throughput and delay in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in the presence of both mobility and a large number of mobile terminals. In this thesis, we present a clustering scheme that minimizes message overhead and congestion for cluster formation and maintenance. The algorithm is devised to be dependent on Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing with sleep mode algorithm of MANET. The dynamic formation of clusters helps reduce data packet overhead, node complexity and power consumption. The goal of this algorithm is to decrease the number of cluster forming, maintain stable clustering structure and maximize lifespan of mobile nodes in the system. Nodes in MANET networks are basically battery operated, and thus have access to a limited amount of energy. This process proposes an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is maintained among nodes and the lifetime of network is increased. The simulation has been performed in ns-2. The simulation shows that the number of clusters formed is in proportion with the number of nodes in MANET

Malhotra, Prerna

Dureja, Ajay

STABLE CLUSTERING ON AODV WITH SLEEP MODE

The seedlings of Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) cultivated in uniform conditions at 25°C for a duration of long day of 16 hours are transferred for a week to a cool temperature of 5°C, to precise morphological stages. After coming back to initial conditions of cultivation, the temporal and spatial modifications are observed on waves. When the seedlings are transferred to “full bloom bud”, the caulinair strength phase last more time, and the component “rest period” is abolished. Concerning the other stages of transfer “swollen bud and rest period”, the duration of rest period and the formation of scales increase with the formation of semi-phase for the first stage. So, some spatio-temporel modifications appear, they are similar to those observed by the application of growth’s regulators of type gibberelic acid at full-bloom bud stage and rest period and cytokinine (kinetic) at swollen stage

Rached-Kanouni, Malika

Benmansour, Fayçal

Alatou, Djamel

European Scientific Journal, ESJ

EFFETS D’UNE TEMPERATURE FRAICHE ET D’UN APPORT EXOGENE DE REGULATEURS DE CROISSANCE SUR DES SEMIS DE CHENE LIEGE

Passive energy dissipation systems are described for the control of structures against earthquake vibrations. Classification of passive energy dissipation systems is given and the discussions of the behavior of individual passive devices and systems are provided.In order to investigate the effects of these systems on the response of structures, a typical model building frame is selected. Passive energy dissipation systems are introduced to the model frame and the results are then compared. Although, the UniformBuilding Code (UBC-97) is taken as a base for all design calculations, a series of formulation is proposed in accordance with the Turkish Earthquake Code.Firstly, in order to meet with the objectives of the study, a theoretical four-story plane frame is selected without any passive energy dissipation system. Secondly, the structure is assumed to be base isolated using high damping laminated rubber pads. Thirdly, the viscoelastic dampers are diagonally installed at each floor level of the frame and the seismic analyses are repeated with and without base isolation. In each scenario, the calculations have been carried out using both the equivalent seismic load method and also the linear time history analyses. Linear time history analyses have been based on two different earthquake records, with T1 = 0.13 sec and T2 = 1.43 sec predominant spectral periods. The N-S component of the earthquake ground motion recorded at the Tofaş automobile factory in Bursa, during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, is taken as a basis. In each case the maximum ground acceleration has been raised to 0.40g. The results for these two different earthquakes, which represent the hard and soft soil conditions, respectively, have been compared by each other.The base shears, storey drifts, and the bending moments at the top of the columns, are presented in a comparative fashion. For all these four different structural models, the relative merits of viscodampers and base isolation are discussed in detail

Kaptan, Kubilay

SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION AND ENERGY ABSORBING DEVICES

Protocol layering technique employed in TCP/IP reference model limits interaction among the layers. Any alteration of a network element as a response to a network condition is made and used inside of its limited scope. Benefits of any protocol enhancement are not resulted in a significant overall performance of network. In this paper we bring an effective interaction among the protocol layers by sharing valuable state information. This information is used for making a correct decision for an optimized adaptation or reasonable response. In this paper we have brought some enhancement in Medium Access Control layer and network layer in such a way that network element in one layer is useful for the improvement of network element in other layer. In other words we have made a value addition for different network variables. Simulation result shows that our approach provides significant performance enhancement in Mobile adhoc networks in terms of various performance metrics like throughput, packet reception, delay etc

Gafur, M Abdul

Upadhayaya, Niraj

Sattar, Syed Abdul

A CROSS LAYER INTERACTIVE PROTOCOL MECHANISM FOR MANET WITH A REALISTIC RESPONSE TO NETWORK STIMULATION

Aims: The present study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial and fungal contamination of herbal teas in the Nigerian market with special reference to Benin City.Methodology And Results: Twenty-six (26) samples of five different types of herbal teas: antidiarrhoeal, antimalarial, antiobesity (slimming), antihypertensive and antidiabetic teas were analysed using standard microbiological procedures. All samples of the herbal teas were contaminated with both bacteria and fungi. The bacteria count ranged from 1.1x101 to 4.8x102cfu/g. The fungal count ranged from 1.1x102 to 4.5x105cfu/g. Bacterial isolates from herbal teas include: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomanas flourecens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcenscens, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. Fungal isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium solanii. Of all the bacterial isolates, Bacillus subtilis had the highest occurrence (100%) and the least was Salmonella typhimurium (3%). Among the fungi, Aspergillus niger had the highest occurrence (100%) and the least was Rhizopus stolonifer (10%). The bacteria isolates showed multiple resistace pattern to the antibiotics with all gram-negative exhibiting resistance to ampicillin. Phytochemical screening of the herbal teas revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannin and saponins.Conclusion, Significance And Impact Of Study: The presence of secondary metabolites justify the use of herbal teas.Good manufacturing practice and proper quality control is however needed for the continued use of the products to curtail antibiotic resistance

Omogbai, Barry Aigbodion

Ikenebomeh, Marcel

MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SOME HERBAL TEAS IN NIGERIA

French

In this paper, a boundary value problem which consists of the integro-differential equation is considered, Chebyshev polynomial is used to find the numerical solution of perturbation Sturm-Liouville problems, an example of numerical results are given and algorithms are performed by Mathmatica (0.7) program

Khirallah, Mustafa Q.

European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  161  NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PERTURBATION STURM-LIOUVILLE PROBLEMS USING CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIAL    Mustafa Q. Khirallah Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Arts,  Najran University Najran, Saudi Arabia   Abstract In this paper, a boundary value problem which consists of the integro-differential equation is considered, Chebyshev polynomial is used to find the numerical solution of perturbation Sturm-Liouville problems, an example of numerical results are given and algorithms  are performed by  Mathmatica (0.7) program.  Keywords: Sturm-Liouville Problems, Chebyshev polynomial,  integro-differential equation, numerical method  Interdiction  The Sturm-Liouville problem is a famous differential equation in pure and applied mathematics. Mathematicians have studied it for over 200 years and highly developed theory and remains an active area of interest. There are a lot of methods for approximating their solutions(Siedlecka,2011; Pryce,1993). Amodio (Amodio,2011)  used matrix method for the solution of Sturm-Liouville problems, also Tharwat (Tharwat,2013) find numerical computation of eigenvalues of discontinuous Sturm-Liouville problems with parameter dependent boundary conditions using sinc method, Mehrkanoon ( Mehrkanoon,2012) using spline approach to find the solution of Sturm - Liouville problems. Many authors are studied and solved the Fredholm integro-diferential Equations (Aghazadeh,2009; Khirallah2002). Rabbani (Rabbani,2012) solved  Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations System by modified decomposition method. Vahidi (Vahidi,2009) given a numerical solution of Fredholm integro-differential equation by Adomian’s decomposition method. Daghman (Daghman,2008) solved  an integro-differential equation arising in oscillating  magnetic fields using he's homotopy perturbation method and found a numerical solution of fourth order integro differential equations using Chebyshev cardinal functions. European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  162  Moreover (Annaby, 2011; Lakcstari, 2010; Al-Mdallal, 2010) studied the spectral of perturbed Sturm-Liouville problem and considered the boundary-value problem which consists of the integro-differential equation. In this paper  we will study the numerical solution of perturbation sturm-Liouville  eigenvalue problem of the form: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),bay x q x y x r t y t dt y x f xλ′′ + + = +∫           (1) with the following separate type of conditions, i.e: �   𝛼1 𝑦(𝑎) + 𝛼2 𝑦′(𝑎) = 0,   𝛽1 𝑦(𝑏) + 𝛽2  𝑦′(𝑏) = 0.                                                                    (2)  Here; 𝑞(𝑥), 𝑟(𝑥)𝜖 𝐿1(𝑎, 𝑏), 𝜆𝜖𝐶   𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼𝑖 , 𝛽𝑖  𝜖 𝑅.  by using the Chebyshev polynomial method. The Method In this section we approximate the function y(x) in eq(1) by using the first kind Chebyshev polynomial. Definition 2.1  The Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind can be defined by: (Burden, 2011) ( ) ( )1cos cosiT x i x−=                                                             (3) We let             ( ) ( )0ni iiy x aT x== ∑  .                                                         (4) which is equivalent to  ( )( )( ) ( ) ( )011 21,,2 , 2.n n nT xT x xT x xT x T x n− −== = − ≥  In this method  we approximate y(x) by substitution  the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind in the form (4)   in equation (1)  for each   𝑥𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 �𝑖𝜋𝑛�  , 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … ,𝑛. equation (1) construes to system of linear equation in n coefficient. Numerically we will solve the system of linear equation to find the coefficient .  To consider the perturbation Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem (1) substituting (4) into (1) we get ( ) ( ) ( )' ,, ,0 0 0n m sa bi i k k i k k ii k ka T x q C x r D f x= = = ′′ + + =  ∑ ∑ ∑                       (5) where European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  163           ( ) ( )112 , 0,..., ,12 1cos , 1,..., 1.2( 1)sk kr t x T x k ssx ssπ+== =+ −= = + + ∑                                 (6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )2 2221 2 1,1i i iii T x iT x i T xT xx− ++ − + −′′ =−         (7) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), | |1 .2k i k i k i k iC x T x T x T x T x+ − = = +               (8) and ( ) ( ) ( ),, | |,| |1212b ba bk i k i k ia ak ik i k iD C t dt T t T t dtE E+ −+ − = = +  = + ∫ ∫                          (9) where ( )( ) ( )( )| 1|121 , 12 1 1 ,1 , 14bi ki kbk i k iaaT tT ti ki k i kE T t dtT t i k+ −+ ++ +  − + ≠   + + + − = =  + =∫      (10) ( )( ) ( )( )| | 1 || | 1|| | | |21 ,| | 12 | | 1 | | 1 .1 ,| | 14bk i k ibk i k iaaT t T tk ik i k iE T t dtT t k i− + − −− −  − − ≠   − + − − = =  − =∫      (11)  Substituting (4) in (2) yields ( ) ( )( ) ( )1 20 01 20 000n ni i i ii in ni i i ii iaT a aT aaT b aT bα αβ β= == =′+ = ′ + =∑ ∑∑ ∑                (12)   Using xi ∈(-1,1), i=1,…,n-2 as the collocation points  into (5) and (11) we obtain the following system: European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  164  ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( ),, ,0 0 01 20 01 20 01,2,..., 200n m sa bi i k k k i k k k i ki k kn ni i i ii in ni i i ii ia T x q C x r D f xk naT a aT aaT b aT bα αβ β= = == == = ′′ + + =   = − ′+ = ′+ = ∑ ∑ ∑∑ ∑∑ ∑           (13) for each   𝑥𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 �𝑖𝜋𝑛�  , 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … ,𝑛  we get system of linear equations (13) in n coefficient. Numerically we will solve the system of linear equations to find the coefficient. The system (13 ) does not always give a unique solution for the coefficient ci ’s. In order to maintain uniqueness for the solution of this problem, the boundary conditions in eq. (2) are used.   Here, the algorithm (13) is performed by Mathmatica (0.7) program. Transforming the Interval    It is sometimes necessary to take a problem studied on an interval [a,b], then we convert the variable so that the problem is reformulated on [-1,1]. The change of variable     b - a b + ax = ( )  z  + .2 2                             (14) converts the interval  –1 ≤ z  ≤ 1  to  a ≤ x ≤  b, conversely      x - az = 2 (   ) -1b - a        (15)  Transform the points   a ≤ x ≤ b   to   –1 ≤ z ≤ 1.  Numerical result  Consider the following equation ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )12412412 1 7 ,40y x x y x x y x dx x x−′′ + + + = + +∫              (16) with the conditions 1 1 1 1 07 2 6 21 1 1 1 09 2 6 2y yy y   ′− − + − =            ′− + =                        (17)  To solve this problem we use algorithm (13) and  perform it by Mathmatica (0.7) program to get the result  European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  165  Numerical Exact 𝒙𝒊 0.875 0.875 -0.5 0.936 0.936 -0.4 0.973 0.973 -0.3 0.992 0.992 -0.2 0.999 0.999 -0.1 1 1 0 1.001 1.001 0.1 1.008 1.008 0.2 1.027 1.027 0.3 1.064 1.064 0.4 1.125 1.125 0.5 Table (1)  If we let x1= -0.5, x2=0 and x3=0.5 in the system (13) and use the boundary conditions we get the following system 0 1 2 3 40 1 2 3 40 1 2 3 40 1 2 3 40 1 2 3 41 5 41 129 521 193a + a + a - a + a  = - ,2 12 12 10 60 801 19 2 467 41a + a + a - a - a  = ,6 6 5 30 403 5 35 111 491 367a + a + a + a + a  = ,2 12 12 10 60 801 5 11 1 53- a + a - a - a - a  = 0,7 21 42 7 421 1 13 1 1- a + a + a + a - a  = 0.9 9 18 9 18    (18)  The solution of the above system by using Mathmatica (0.7) program is 0 1 2 3 43 1a  = 1, a  = , a  = 0, a  = , a  = 04 4.     (19)  Substituting (19) in (4) we get the numerical solution of equation (16) 3( ) 1y x x= +  which is identical to the exact solution.      European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  166  Conclusions The  boundary value problem which consists of the integro-differential equation - Sturm-Liouville Problems-  is solved numerically by using  Chebyshev polynomial. Examples show that our method is very effective and efficient. Moreover, our proposed method provides highly accurate results. Acknowledgment This work is supported by the Scientific Research Deanship at Najran University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, research project number NU57/12.  References: Aghazadeh .A and  Mesgarani.H,  Solving Non-linear Fredholm Integro-differential Equations World Applied Sciences Journal 7 (Special Issue for Applied Math): 50-56, 2009, ISSN 1818-4952. Al-Mdallal,Q. M, On the numerical solution of fractional Sturm–Liouville problems, International Journal of Computer Mathematics,Volume 87, Issue 12, 2010, pages 2837-2845. Amodio.P, Settanni.G; A Matrix Method for the Solution of Sturm-Liouville Problems , Journal of Numerical Analysis,Industrial and Applied Mathematics (JNAIAM)vol. 6, no. 1-2, 2011, pp. 1-13, ISSN 1790{8140. Annaby M.H., et al ;  A perturbed Whittaker–Kotel’nikov–Shannon sampling theorem J. Math. Anal. Appl. 381 (2011) 64–79. Burden, R; Faires J.D; Numerical Analysis , 9th Edition ,Brooks/cole, Boston, USA, (2011). Dehghan. M, Sadatmandi. A, Chebyshev finite difference method for Fredholm integro-differential equation, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, Volume85,(2008)Pages123-130. Dehghan.M. and.Shakeri. F; Solution of an integro-differential equation arising in oscillating  magnetic fields using he's homotopy perturbation method, Progress In Electromagnetic Research, PIER 78,361–376,2008. Khirallah M.Q, Numerical Solutions of Fredholm Integro-differential equations, IRAQ International conference for Mathematics in Baghdad, 2002. Lakestani.M, Dehghan.M, Numerical solution of fourth order integro differential equations using Chebyshev cardinal functions, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, Volume87, (2010)Pages1389-1394. Mehrkanoon.s, et al;  Spline approach to the solution of Sturm - Liouville problem, International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical SCI, 4 (12). pp. 577-586. ISSN 1312-7586. Pryce J. D,  Numerical solution of Sturm-Liouville problems , Oxford [England], New York, Clarendon Press,1993. European Scientific Journal    June  2013 edition vol.9, No.18    ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print)  e - ISSN 1857- 7431  167  Rabbani .M and Zarali.B; Solution of  Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations System by Modified Decomposition Method, The Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science Vol .5 No.4 (2012) 258-264. Siedlecka.U; Sturm–Liouville  eigen value problem with mathematica, Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, 2(10) 2011, 217-223. Tharwat.M.M, et.al; Numerical computation of eigenvalues of discontinuous Sturm-Liouville problems with parameter dependent boundary conditions using sinc method, Journal Numerical Algorithms Volume 63 Issue 1, May 2013 Pages 27-48 , USA. Vahidi.A.R and Babolian.E; Numerical Solution of Fredholm Integro-Differential Equation by Adomian’s Decomposition Method ; Int. Journal of Math. Analysis, Vol. 3, 2009, no. 36, 1769 – 1773.                              

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF PERTURBATION STURM-LIOUVILLE PROBLEMS USING CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIAL

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ACTIVATION OF BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE ENZYME BY MAGNESIUM IONS

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