The paper reviews the relevance of various types of cholesterol as factors of cardiovascular risks. According to recent recommendations, apart from the routinely evaluated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-H), clinicians now look at non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. The paper questions, whether there is enough clinical and scientific evidence to change priorities in the lipid assessment of cardiovascular risk: measurement and monitoring of non-HDL cholesterol vs. routine lipid markers - LDL cholesterol and plasma HDL cholesterol