Method of obtaining of metals and alloys by melting – is basic. By this way make in practice the majority of metals, alloys and ligatures. The essence of a method is, that in special melting device (furnace) to melt metal or basic component of an alloy and overheat it. After that, to liquid will add alloying elements in solid or liquid condition. Temperature of liquid lead up to necessary level, make metallurgical processing (refining, modifying), and then alloy spill to the foundry forms or crucible

G. KROITORU

N. GRECHANYUK

P. KUCHERENKO

P. SHPAK

The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati Fascicle IX Metallurgy and Materials Science

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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI 
0FASCICLE IX METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, ISSN 1453 – 083X. N . 1 – 2006 
 
 
  
 
INDUSTRIAL ELECTRON-BEAM EQUIPMENT ON BASE OF  
NOBLE AND NON-FERROUS METALS 
 
N.GRECHANYUK, P.KUCHERENKO,  
P.SHPAK,G.KROITORU 
Kiev National University of Building and Architectures 
Kiev, Ukraine 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
Method of obtaining of metals and alloys by melting – is basic. By this way make 
in practice the majority of metals, alloys and ligatures. The essence of a method is, 
that in special melting device (furnace) to melt metal or basic component of an alloy 
and overheat it. After that, to liquid will add alloying elements in solid or liquid 
condition. Temperature of liquid lead up to necessary level, make metallurgical 
processing (refining, modifying), and then alloy spill to the foundry forms or 
crucible. 
 
 KEYWORDS: electron-beam equipment, noble and non-ferrous metals. 
 
 
Depending on purpose of metals and alloys 
necessary degree of cleanliness, economic reasons 
connected to reduction of losses of metal and the 
charge of fuel (electric power), character of  initial 
materials and their physical-chemical properties them 
make by the following ways:  
a) direct melting of pure metals and elements;  
b) by joint restoration of components of alloy 
(ore-thermal melting);  
c) by electrolyze of liquids or solutions;  
d) by replacement of one element by another 
element (thermal-metallic);  
e) by diffusion’s way with use firm, liquid and 
vapor of substances;  
f) by the combined way with application two-
three above-stated. 
Method of obtaining of metals and alloys by 
melting – is basic. By this way make in practice the 
majority of metals, alloys and ligatures.  
The essence of a method is, that in special 
melting device (furnace) to melt metal or basic 
component of an alloy and overheat it. After that, to 
liquid will add alloying elements in solid or liquid 
condition.  
Temperature of liquid lead up to necessary 
level, make metallurgical processing (refining, 
modifying), and then alloy spill to the foundry forms 
or crucible. 
In quality of scrap’s materials for 
manufacture of metals and alloys by the melting’s 
method use as pure metals, and re-scraps, secondary 
metals and alloys, ligatures. High efficiency and 
opportunity of reception of high pure alloys, impurity 
from metal- and non-metal inclusions (oxides, gases, 
slag) with the strictly certain chemical structure both 
necessary physical-chemical and mechanical 
properties - basic advantages of this method way.  
Preparation of liquid carry out in melting’s 
devices (furnaces) of various designs. The widest 
application now have open melting’s furnaces 
working at atmospheric pressure and environment. 
Thus quality of metal liquid and its chemical 
composition depend on processes occurring in 
melting furnaces: 
1) heating and melting of metals; 
2) boiling and evaporation ; 
3) interaction with oven gases; 
4) interaction of metals with inner surface of 
furnace. Thus one of the named processes are 
necessary for reception of metals and alloys, others 
are extremely undesirable, as are accompanied by an 
intoxication of components, oxidation, pollution of 
liquid by not metal inclusions and gases. For 
translation of metal from solid state to liquid it is 
necessary to spend quantity of heat (energy) 
determined by melting point temperature, thermal-
capacity and latent heat of melting.  
 
Thus the various sources of heating and, 
accordingly, various melting furnace and equipment 
are used. Also more and more wide application find 
in practice use re-melting processes of special electric 
metallurgy, in particular vacuum. The comparative 
characteristic of methods of melting of metals and 
alloys are given in table 1. 
 
-  35  -
 
THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI 
0FASCICLE IX METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, ISSN 1453 – 083X. N . 1 – 2006 
 
 
  
Table 1. Comparative characteristics of different method of metal’s melting 
 
Method’s name: 
full short 
Furnace’s 
environmental  
Input 
materials: 
Refining 
environmental 
Method of 
ingot’s 
obtaining 
open melting 
in burning 
furnace 
OM air, products of 
fuels burning 
slag 
open melting 
in electrical 
resistive 
furnace 
OM air slag 
open induction 
melting 
OIM air - 
open arc 
melting 
OAM air slag 
plasma 
melting in 
ceramic 
crucibles 
PM protective 
(Ar) 
slag 
vacuum-
induction 
remelting 
VIR vacuum 
 
scrap,  
re-scrap,  
(pure metals 
and alloys), 
ligatures 
vacuum 
 
casting 
(foundry) to 
the form or 
crucible 
vacuum-arc 
remelting 
VAR vacuum vacuum 
electric-slag 
remelting 
ESR air 
 
spending 
electrode slag 
electron-beam 
remelting 
EBR vacuum vacuum 
plasma-arc 
remelting 
PAR protective (Ar) 
spending 
electrode, scrap 
 - 
 
solidification in 
crucible 
 
 
From analysis of the data, given in the table 
1, follows, that for reception of high-quality metals 
and alloys of high purity (especially refractory) 
certain advantages and prospects there is use of the 
method electron-beam melting.  
Also it is necessary to emphasize complete 
ecological safety of realization electron-beam 
melting, as all processes thus occur in vacuum 
without contact with environment.  
The basic lacks of a method limiting its wide 
circulation, are: difficult of melting of metals with 
high elasticity pair; relative dearness of the equipment 
and its limited productivity. 
Today Research-production enterprise 
"GEKONT" has a wide experience of development, 
introduction and application of technology electron-
beam melting of metals and alloys, and also industrial 
equipment for realization of technological processes. 
In particular, the technologies electron-beam melting 
chromium and aluminum bras, alloys on nickel basis, 
and also platinum are developed.  
The characteristics of industrial electron 
beam installation B 5 for melting of noble metals 
developed in "GEKONT" is given in table 2. The 
scheme and general view of this facility are showed 
on figure 1. 
The equipment represents the vacuum 
technological chamber with connected to it by 
horizontal mechanisms of scrap’s loading and 
withdrawal of ingot. The facility is equipped with 
three EB-heaters with independent control by each. It 
allows to carry out of melting under the circuit with 
use of intermediate capacity, that, in turn, allows 
effectively and separately to operate processes of 
scrap’s melting, overheating and refining of liquid in 
vacuum, their solidification in copper vater-cooling 
crucible and formation of the ingot. 
 
 
 
 
-  36  -
 
THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI 
0FASCICLE IX METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, ISSN 1453 – 083X. N . 1 – 2006 
 
 
  
Table 2. Technical parameters of the EB-melting unit B 5 
 
No. Technical parameters:  
1 Total power, kW 280 
2 Accelerating voltage, kV 20 
3 Input voltage, 50 Hz (3 phases), V 380 
4 Quantity and power of EB-heaters, n x kW 3 x 100 
5 Level of vacuum, Pa 1 x10-2
6 Discharge of cooling water (15°C), m3 per hour   8 
7 Pressure of cooling water, Pa 3-4 x105
8 Diameter of melting ingots, mm 74 
9 Maximal length of melting ingots, mm 500 
10 Velocity of ingots withdrawal, mm/min 0.15-300 
11 Maximal size of re-melting billet, mm 150x130x500 
12 Velocity of billet’s feeding, mm/min 0.15-300 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 1. The scheme and photo of EB-melting unit B 5. The EB-facility is equipped 
by automatic system of registration of technological parameters of melting. 
 
References 
 
[1]. Schiller S., Heisig U., Panzer S. Elektronenstrahltechologie. - 
VEB Verlag Technik: Berlin, 1976. 
 
 
[2]. Choundhury A., Hengsberger E. Electron Beam Melting and 
Refining of Metals and Alloys. / ISIJ International, Vol. 32 (1992), 
No. 5, pp. 673-681. 
-  37  -


Industrial Electron-Beam Equipment on Base of Noble and Non-Ferrous Metals

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Industrial Electron-Beam Equipment on Base of Noble and Non-Ferrous Metals

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