This paper presents the obtaining of composites materials with technological utility through vibration technology. In order to obtain these composites, and plant was designed and manufactured. In order to show the possibilities of these technologies, a number of composite samples were produced

Gina Genoveva ISTRATE

Ionel PETREA

Ionut CONSTANTIN

Vasile BASLIU

The Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati Fascicle IX Metallurgy and Materials Science

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197 6
 
 
THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI. 
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 
N0. 1 – 2010, ISSN 1453 – 083X 
 
 
 
 
MELTING-CASTING PLANT USING VIBRATING  
OF MELTS IN ORDER TO OBTAIN COMPOSITE  
WITH TEHNOLOGICAL UTILITY 
 
Vasile BASLIU, Ionut CONSTANTIN,  
Gina Genoveva ISTRATE, Ionel PETREA 
“Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati 
email: vbasliu@ugal.ro 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
This paper presents the obtaining of composites materials with technological 
utility through vibration technology. In order to obtain these composites, and plant 
was designed and manufactured. In order to show the possibilities of these 
technologies, a number of composite samples were produced. 
 
KEYWORDS: vibration, ferroalloy, composite of technological utility, FeTi32 
 
1. Introduction 
 
The research objective was to find a method for 
the valorization of granular ferroalloy (FeTi32). 
Current ISO 5445/1995 standards require a grain with 
the lower limit of 3.5 mm used in the development of 
deoxidation steel stage. 
Factors that affect the obtaining of a complex 
deoxidant, reinforced with particles, can be divided 
into: - metallurgical factors  
  - technological factors. 
Metallurgical factors are the following: solid 
fraction, temperature, size, morphology, distribution 
of solid particles and liquid matrix alloy, chemical 
composition.  
Technological factors are: frequency [Hz], 
amplitude [mm], acceleration [m/s2], temperature 
alloy castings, [°C], time of vibration [min].  
Following this process, because of continuous 
brawniene movement, additional material will be 
found in the mass of composite. 
Benefits:  
- reproducible results;  
- low additional material segregation;  
- wide range of working arrangements;  
Disadvantages:  
- very slow adjustment of the electric motor;  
- the probability of accidental splashing vibrating 
mass.  
- careful handling when pouring liquid metal; 
-possibility of accidental splashing of vibrating 
mass. 
The special part of these particular technical 
solutions adopted, consists in the fact that the 
complex deoxidant with technological role has 
incorporated diverse proportion of complementary 
material (FeTi32) which is controlled, known and 
reproducible. 
 
2. Experimental conditions 
 
Mechanical mixing using a vibrating plant 
Getting the composite through this method 
involves melting the aluminum alloy in the presence 
of particles followed by an intense agitation of the 
crucible through vibration.  
Through vibration, for the majority of alloys, a 
series of beneficial effects can be obtained, such as:  
- finishing the structure and, hence, improvement 
of properties; 
- increasing the solidified alloy compactness by 
reducing the porosity;  
- reducing the chemical, gravitational and 
segregation processes; 
- advanced degassing of the composite material.  
While melting alloys in temporary shapes, the 
solidification starts from the cool walls of the mould, 
as a result of a heat exchange between the cast alloy 
and the casting mould.  
The solidification of casting alloys in temporary 
forms starting next cold walls of the form, as a result 
of heat exchange between molten alloy and mold. At 
first it forms a solid crust consists of equiaxed crystals 
that develop over time a zone of columnar crystals. If 
after melting aluminum alloy particulate form is 
subject to a process of mechanical vibration, the 
vibration causes the turbulent motion of the liquid 
alloy which leads to fragmentation of the columnar 
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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI. 
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 
N0. 1 – 2010, ISSN 1453 – 083X 
 
 
crystals and their involvement in mass formation of 
liquid alloy, which will be partially re-melted or 
totally, the process is a function of temperature in the 
liquid alloy non-solidified and broken crystal 
fragment size. This has the effect of germination 
process intensification and intensification of broken 
crystals and re-melting. Heat involved in the mass of 
liquid alloy.  
Favorable effect compaction vibration can be 
explained by the fact that mechanical oscillations 
create local pressures leading to increased penetration 
rate of the alloy in the area biphasic capillary 
channels.  
Agitation melt under the vibration action has the 
effect of decreasing the viscosity of liquid, whether to 
create favorable conditions for lifting the gas 
separation surface (on rising speed increases with 
decreasing viscosity Stokes law). At the same time 
introduces additional material FeTi32.  
The operating principle is explained by the 
kinematics scheme, presented in Fig. 1. 
 
 
K3 K3 
K1 K2
K3K3 
m1 
M 
K1
m 2
 
Fig. 1. Kinematic scheme of the plant: m1 - the weight of the workpiece table and checked;  
m2 - reactive load weight (counterweight) K1 - stiff springs work, K2 - spring stiffness;  
K3 - stiff springs to maintain (control), M - electromotor. 
 
The stand functioning is based on the resonance 
phenomenon of two mass in vibration m1 and m2; 
each of them is suspended by the maintenance springs 
with K3 stiffness; the mass are tied together with the 
working springs K1.  
 
 
Table 1. Working regime for vibration mass 
 
 
 
Working regime 
Frequency, 
F, 
Amplitude, 
A 
Acceleration, 
a 
[Hz] [mm] [m/s2] 
25 2.2 55 
28 2.2 69 
30 1.6 57.6 
35 1.2 58.8 
40 1.0 64 
50 0.7 70 
 
The stiffness of the K1 working springs can be 
variable, depending on the position of adjusting nuts. 
25
fAQ
2⋅
=             (1) 
Where: A - amplitude [mm] F - frequency [Hz] a - 
acceleration [m/s2]. 
 
 
Fig. 2. Plant consists of three heating and 
vibrating stand for a crucible: 1- vertical furnace 
with forced bars, 2 - vibrating table, 3 - crucible. 
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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI. 
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 
N0. 1 – 2010, ISSN 1453 – 083X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fig. 3. Plant components: 1 – temperature measurement system (thermocouple); 2 – heating elements; 
3 – crucible steel; 4 – electric furnace; 5 – vibrating equipment; 6 – mechanical system for adjustment 
of amplitude and frequency; 7 – support column; 8 – motherboard; 9 – ampere indicator; 10 – voltage 
indicator; 11 – temperature regulator; 12 – power source provided with temperature; 
13 – vibration measuring device (amplitude and frequency) X – Viber. 
 
 
Mechanically 
agitation of the 
melting bath 
Measurement  of 
vibration amplitude and 
frequency 
 
PROCESS 
 
Temperature 
measuring system 
 
Heating 
system 
Feed - back   
 
Fig.4. Block diagram of experimental stand function, mechanical stirring,  
through vibration type during solidification. 
 
Characterization: 
Charge:-weight, max. 40 [g]  
Electric heating:  
          -forced bar heating elements:  
   -R = 4 [Ω] 
   -Power = 0 ... 3.6 [kW]  
Temperature Control System:  
          -PID - 1RT96  
          -temperature sensor - K (chromel-alumel)  
          -range - 0 ... 900 [° C]  
System for measuring amplitude and frequency: 
          -X-Viber. 
 
Samples used:  
We considered several options for obtaining the 
Al/FeTi32 deoxidant varying the reinforcing phase 
size - FeTi32 particles.  
We performed their rank using set of sites with 
the following dimensions: 0.8 mm 0.63 mm 0.40 mm 
0.32 mm 0.20 mm 0.16 mm 0.10 mm; 0.056 mm, 0.04 
mm <0.04 mm as standard determination. 
 
Working mode:  
The working procedure has been established and 
followed consisted of: 
- the composition of the load: it was dispensed by 
weighing the amount of aluminum and ferroalloy 
FeTi32 size sorting.  
- uploading was made on the top of crucible steel.  
- programming of temperature was done in 
accordance with established experimental procedure.  
- melting: phase transition is from solid aluminum 
liquid temperature monitoring work with fixed by 
experiment.  
 
5 
  
8 
1 
3 
2 
10 
9 
4 
Alim 
220V
Reg.M
6 
7 
11 
12 
13 
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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI. 
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 
N0. 1 – 2010, ISSN 1453 – 083X 
 
 
- shaking vibrating bath of aluminum metal. 
- cooling and removal of the cast from the 
crucible. 
Experimental procedures:  
Designing and making the experiment aimed to 
highlight the inclusion of different ferro-alloy 
granulometric classes in aluminum metal matrix. So, 
we varied the ferroalloy particle sizes (FeTi32) 
maintaining constant the other parameters: 
temperature, mixing duration, frequency, magnitude 
and composition of the load. We chose a 1:1 ratio 
Al/FeTi32. 
 
Table 2. Experimental data 
 
Load composition 
FeTi32 Nr. 
crt. Al 
Mass Granulation 
Ratio 
Al/FeTi32 Temperature 
Mixing 
time Frequency Amplitude 
u.m [g] [mm] [%] [oC] [min.] [Hz] [mm] 
1 20 20 0.800 1:1 750 10 46 1 
2 20 20 0.400 1:1 750 10 46 1 
3 20 20 0.056 1:1 750 10 46 1 
 
On the evidence obtained, we made the following 
determinations:  
a. Chemical analysis 
We use X-ray fluorescence spectrometer mark 
Innov-X System. 
 
Table 3. Chemical analysis 
 
Chemical analysis Nr. 
crt. Granulation Al Fe Ti 
u.m. [mm] [%] [%] [%] 
P1 0.800 65.36 8.73 12.94 
P2 0.400 76.51 13.82 7.48 
P3 0.056 58.73 24.55 12.91 
 
b. Metallographic analysis 
 
For this purpose, we collected samples from the 
Al/FeTi32 composite and we prepared them by 
grinding and polishing the samples.  
When we obtained a high polish, we analyzed in a 
micro-structural way the prepared surfaces but 
without metallographic attack for the following 
increases (x64) in order to highlight the dispersion, 
shape and size of ferro-alloy particles embedded in 
aluminum metal matrix. 
The same samples were analyzed after the 
metallographic attack with specific reagent (10% HF 
in H2O). It can be seen the dispersion of FeTi32 
particles into the aluminium matrix.   
Nr. crt. Ferroalloy particle diameter, FeTi32,  mm Macrostructures 
1 0.800 
 
2 0.400 
 
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THE ANNALS OF “DUNAREA DE JOS” UNIVERSITY OF GALATI. 
FASCICLE IX. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE 
N0. 1 – 2010, ISSN 1453 – 083X 
 
 
3 0.056 
 
 
Fig.5. Macrostructures of the FeTi32 ferroalloy samples. 
 
Microstructures No. Ferroalloy particle diameter, FeTi32, mm un-attacked attacked 
1 0.800 
 
x64 
 
x64 
2 0.400 
 
x64 
 
x64 
3 0.056 
 
x64 
 
x64 
 
Fig.6. Microstructures of the FeTi32 ferroalloy samples. 
 
3. Conclusion 
 
The research was completed with the 
achievement of a laboratory stand, elucidation some 
phases in homogenization and dispersion of the 
reinforcing phase in the metal matrix highlighted by 
microscopic analysis. 
 
References 
 
[1]. Florin Stefanescu, Gigel Neagu, Alexandrina Mihai – 
Materialele viitorului se fabrica azi. Materiale compozite. Editura 
Didactica si Pedagogica 1996. 
[2]. Ioan Carcea – Materiale compozite. Fenomene la interfata. 
2008. 
 
 
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Melting-Casting Plant Using Vibrating of Melts in order to Obtain Composite with Technological Utility

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Melting-Casting Plant Using Vibrating of Melts in order to Obtain Composite with Technological Utility

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