The first instar nymphs of two peltoperlid stoneflies, i.e., Microperla brevicauda Kawai, 1958 of Microperlinae and Yoraperla uenoi (Kohno, 1946) of Peltoperlinae, were examined and described. Additionally, the phylogeny and groundplan of the first instar nymphs of Peltoperlidae and Plecoptera were considered. The first instar nymphs of M. brevicauda have a slender body with a prognathous head of typical shape; they represent a groundplan in Plecoptera. On the other hand, the first instar nymphs of Y. uenoi have a broad, cockroach-like body with an orthognathous and shortened head, the latter being regarded as a potential autapomorphy of Peltoperlinae. Such differences in body shape between the subfamilies are speculated to arise from heterochrony. The three-segmented cerci of Y. uenoi are characteristic to Systellognatha, whereas the four-segmented cerci of M. brevicauda were independently acquired within Microperlinae. The structure and distribution pattern of chloride cells in the first instar nymphs of Plecoptera were also discussed. The presence of coniform chloride cells is a potential groundplan of Arctoperlaria. One to two pairs of chloride cells are distributed on the first nine abdominal segments of M. brevicauda; this represents a groundplan character of Systellognatha. On the other hand, one to four pairs of chloride cells are found on the second to ninth abdominal segments of Y. uenoi; this distribution pattern may be an apomorphic groundplan of Peltoperlinae
