Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to examine infiltration of lymphocytes in the tumor nests of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using 38 biopsy cases obtained from southern China. These cases were divided into 3 groups according to their prominent pattern associated with the cell and the tissue differentiation using the World Health Organaization (WHO) classification as follows: (i) 6 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (16%), (ii) 25 cases of differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma (66%), (ii) 7 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma (18%). All tumor tissues reacted diffusely with MB-1, however, these did not react with L26 (CD20), 4KB5 (CD45R), MT-1, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA). In the tumor nests, normal lymphocytes were observed in squamous cell carcinoma type (50%), differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma type (72%), and undifferentiated carcinoma type (86%). Therefore, it is suggested that a large number of infiltrating non-neoplastic T-cells may be related to good prognosis. T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas (TCRBCLs) are recently described as unusual non-Hodgkin\u27s lymphomas associated with predominance of reactive T-cells. Therefore, the mechanism of T-cell lymphocyte infiltration adjacent to the tumor cell is considered that these T-cell infiltrates may be the passive response to cytokine secretion by the tumor cells

Itakura Hideyo

Senba Masachika

Zhong Xue-Yun

Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE: NAOSITE

Acta Med. Nagasaki 38:189 - 192T-cell Rich B-cell Cross-reacting Nasopharyngeal CarcinomaMasachika Senba, Xue-Yun Zhong and Hideyo ItakuraDepartment of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852, JapanImmunohistochemical analysis was carried out to examine infiltration of lymphocytes in the tumor nests of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using 38 biopsy cases obtained from southern China. These cases were divided into 3 groups according to their prominent pattern associated with the cell and the tissue differentiation using the World Health Organaization (WHO) classification as follows: (i) 6 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (16%), (ii) 25 cases of differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma (66%), (ii) 7 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma (18%). All tumor tissues reacted diffusely with MB-1, however, these did not react with L26 (CD20), 4KB5 (CD45R), MT-1, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA). In the tumor nests, normal lymphocytes were observed in squamous cell carcinoma type (50%), differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma type (72%), and undifferentiated carcinoma type (86%). Therefore, it is suggested that a large number of infiltrating non-neoplastic T-cells may be related to good prognosis. T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas (TCRBCLs) are recently described as unusual non-Hodgkin's lymphomas associated with predominance of reactive T-cells. Therefore, the mechanism of T-cell lymphocyte infiltration adjacent to the tumor cell is considered that these T-cell infiltrates may be the passive response to cytokine secretion by the tumor cells.Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was first described as a neoplasm occurring in the nasopharynx, characterized by anaplastic cells surrounded by prominent infiltration of lymphoid cells. This tumor has been known as lymphoepi-thelioma. The nuclear features of the carcinoma cells are distinctive with large nucleus and prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasmic features of the carcinoma cells are variable and the cellular borders are often indistinct due to fusion of cytoplasms. NPC has been confirmed as arising from squa-mous epithelium by electron microscopical and immuno-histochemical examination. According to the World Health Organaization (WHO) classification, NPC was divided into three types; squamous cell carcinoma, differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma."' Lymphoepithelioma occurs outside of the nasopharynx,Correspondence to: Dr. Masachika Senba, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852, Japanalthough generally they are rare lesions. Histologically similar undifferentiated carcinoma associated with marked lymphoid cell infiltration is called lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma which has been found in the tonsil,') salivary gland,""' thymus,") uterine cervix,'' skin,"' lung," and stomach. 14'  Normal small lymphocytes are frequently observed in tissue sections. They are often found in follicular lympho-mas and also present in many diffuse lymphomas. It may be impossible to determine by routine histological tech-niques whether normal small lymphocytes are part of the neoplastic proliferation or they are reactive or residual benign cells. The large number of T-cells in T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas (TCRBCLs) has been regarded as an active reaction to the neoplastic B-cells.""') It is suggested that T-cell infiltration may be a passive response to cyto-kine production by the tumor cells.   In this report, we described immunohistochemical fea-tures of T-cell lymphocyte infiltration in 38 cases of NPC biopsy obtained from southern China, and also discussed mechanism of normal T-cell lymphocyte infiltration adja-cent to neoplastic cells.Materials and Methods The NPC specimens from 38 biopsy cases at the Jinan University Hospital in southern China were used. Shanmu-garatnam and Sobin criteria were applied in assigning the diagnosis of NPC to the tissue. These NPC cases were divided into three groups as follows: (1) squamous cell carcinoma type, (2) differentiated non-keratinizing carci-noma type, and (3) undifferentiated carcinoma type."'  The specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, and em-bedded in paraffin for histological and immunohis-tochemical studies. Sections were cut at 4 micron and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain for histological examination. These specimens were stained by indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method for B-cells (monoclonal antibody; Bio-science products; Switzerland; anti-leukocyte B-cells (MB-1); Lot. 050), T-cells (mono-clonal antibody; Bio-science products; Switzerland; anti-leukocyte T-cells (MT-1): Lot. 101), L26 (monoclonal antibody; Dako Corp., U. S. A., for identification of human B-cell lymphoma; CD20; Lot. 090), 4KB5 (monoclonal antibody; Dako corp., U. S. A., for identification of human B-cell; CD4SR; Lot. 109), leukocyte common antigen (LCA) (monoclonal antibody; Dako Corp., U. S. A., PAP kit 0535, Lot. 00098), S-100 protein (polyclonal antibody; Dako Corp., U. S. A., PAP kit K0524, Lot. 128-1), lyso-zyme (polyclonal antibody; Dako Corp., U. S. A., PAP kit K504, Lat. 128-2), and alpha- l-antichymotrypsin (ACT) (polyclonal antibody; Dako Corp., U. S. A., PAP kit K0534, Lot. 078-2). LCA, S-100 protein, lysozyme, and ACT were not diluted. MB-1, and MT-1 were diluted 1:200 with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4. L26, and 4KB5 were diluted 1:50 with PBS pH 7.4. The indirect PAP method was performed for the staining of MB-1, MT-1, L26, and 4KB5 using Dako universal kit for mono-clonal antibody (Dako Corp., PAP kit K0550, Lot. 128-2).  The steps involved in the immunoperoxidase procedure are as follows: (1) Deparaffinize and hydrate in distilled water. (2) Treat with hydrogen peroxidase for 5 minutes. (3) Wash in Tris buffer pH 7.4 using three cycle changes of 3 minutes each. (4) Treat with normal serum for 20 minutes. (5) Treat with tap off excess normal serum from sections. (6) Treat with primary antibody for 3 hours in room temperature. (7) Wash in Tris buffer pH 7.4 using three cycle changes of 5 minutes. (8) Treat with second antibody for 40 minutes in room temperature. (9) Wash in Tris buffer pH 7.4 using three cycle changes of 5 minutes. (10) Treat with PAP for 40 minutes in room temperature. (11) Wash in Tris buffer pH 7 4 using three cycle changes of 5 minutes. (12) Treat with 3, 3-diaminobenzidine tetra-hydrochloride (DAB) solution with hydrogen peroxidase for 5 minutes. (13) Wash in running water. (14) Nuclei stain in Mayer's hematoxylin for 2 minutes. (15) Wash in running water. (16) Dehydrate, clear, and mount.expression in the NPC associated with high content of reactive T lymphocytes were observed (Fig. 2). In the tumor nests, T-cell lymphocytes were detected in squamous cell carcinoma type (50%), differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma type (72%), and undifferentiated carcinoma type (86%). Therefore, there was a rich infiltrate of mature T lymphocytes that comprised more than 70% of the cellular population. These infiltrated cells did not react with S-100 protein, ACT, and lysozyme, thus, histiocytes and dendritic cells were not observed in NPC tissues.Results The patients ranged in age from 21 to 80 years with a mean of 46 years. Twenty-six cases were males and 12 cases were females. These NPC were classified into three groups according to their predominant pattern with hematoxylin and eosin stain on the basis of light microscopy. The first group consisted of 6 cases of squamous cell carcinoma type. The second was made up of 25 cases of differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma type, and the third included 7 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma type.  All tumor tissues reacted with MB-1 (Fig. 1), but did not react with L26 (CD20), and 4KB5 (CD45R) as B-cell markers. These neoplastic tissues did not react with MT-1, and LCA. On the other hand, MB-1, MT-1, LCA, and 4KB5 reacted with infiltration of lymphoid cells adjacent to tumor tissues. Thirty-eight cases of B-cell antigen markerFig. 1. Undifferentiated carcinoma type of nasopharyngeal carci-noma cells strongly reacted with MB-1. A few infiltrate lympho-cytes were stained by MB-1, thus, most of normal lymphocytes were showed T-cell nature. Immunoreaction for MB-1, X 200.Fig. 2. Undifferentiated carcinoma type of nasopharyngeal carci-noma cells did not reacted with MT-1. Most of infiltrate lympho-cytes were stained with MT-1. Immunoreaction for MT-l, X 200.Discussion Thirty-eight cases of NPC obtained from southern China were analyzed using immunohistochemical procedure em-ploying various antibodies. All cases of NPC reacted with MB-1, thus, these cases were expressed as B-cell antigen marker in NPC tissues. The EBV is associated with a variety of benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disor-ders, most notably infectious B-cell lymphoma and NPC."" The mechanism of MB-1 positive tumor cells is not clear. A possible explanation may be that NPC pro-duces one of B-cell antigen, or NPC has similar epitope such as reacted with MB-1. Malignant tumors primarily arising in the nasopharynx are most often carcinoma or malignant lymphoma. Undifferentiated NPC is accom-panied by prominent lymphocytic infiltration, thus, it is often difficult to differentiate from malignant lymphomas, especially of the large-cell type. NPC is a definite malig-nant epithelial neoplasm and can be distinguished from malignant lymphoma by immunohistochemical staining forkeratin, EMA, and LCA " 13 `8)  The authors reported 38 cases of NPC which expressed B-cell antigen marker associated with abundant normal T-cell lymphocytes."' The mechanism of large number of normal T-cell lymphocytes detection in NPC is not clear, although, similar phenomenon is seen in TCRBCLs. In TCRBCLs, abundance of reactive T cells results in an appearance quite different from the classical descriptions of large B-cell lymphomas. TCRBCLs are not clearly desig-nated in any non-Hodgkin's lymphoma classification. In the Kiel classification, most of the cases can be cassified cytologically as immunoblastic and centroblastic lym-phoma. However, in the Working Formulation, it is uncer-tain whether they should be classified as mixed, small- and large-cell lymphoma, large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma, or unclassifiable lymphoma. TCRBCL cases resemble peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs), and are easily con-fused with PTCLs. Flow cytometry and frozen section immunoperoxidase methods in TCRBCLs may support the misdiagnosis of PTCL, because the large number of reac-tive T-cells may obscure the small B-cell population." The exclusive use of frozen sections for immunohistochemistry increases the risk of such error, because morphological detail is poorly preserved and small neoplastic population may be hidden by large numbers of reactive T-cells, al-though, these disadvantages are avoided in paraffin sec-tions. The B-cell nature of TCRBCLs is most readily recognized by paraffin immunohistochemistry of L26 which react with normal and neoplastic B-cell specificity of this new antibody." The role of large number of T-cell lymphocytes in NPC is not clear. The possible explanation is that normal T-cell lymphocyte infiltration may be passive to cytokine secretion by the neoplastic cells. Therefore, morphological features of large number of T-cell lympho-cytes present positive diagnosis of B-cell marker expressed neoplasms.References  1) Butler AE, Colby TV, Weiss LM, Lombard C Lymphoepithelioma-   like carcinoma of the lung Am J Surg Pathol, 13 632-639, 1989  2) Krishnamurthy S, Lanier AP, Dohan P, Lanier JF, Henle W Salivary    gland cancer in Alaskan matives, 1966-1980 Hum Pathol ,    18 986-996, 1987  3) Macon WR, Cousar JB, Waldron JA, Hsu SM Interleukin-4 may    contribute to the abundant T-cell reaction and paucity of neoplastic B    cell in T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas Am J Pathol, 141 1031-1036,    1992  4) Macon WR, Williams ME, Greer JP, Stein RS, Collins RD, Cousar    JB T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas A clinicopathologic study of 19    cases Am J Surg Pathol, 16 351-363, 1992  5) Mills SE, Austin MB, Randall ME Lymphoepithelioma-like carci-    noma of the uterine cervix A distinctive, undifferentiated carcinoma    with inflammatory stroma Am J Surg Pathol , 9 883-889, 1985  6) Ng CSN, Chan JKC, Hui PK, Lau WH Large B-cell lymphomas with    a high content of reactive T cells Hum Pathol, 20 1145-1154, 1989  7) Niedobitek G, Young LS, Sam CK, Brooks L, Prasad U, Rickinson    AB Expression of Epstein-Barr virus genes and of lymphocyte acti-   vation molecules in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Am.    J. Pathol., 140:879-887, 1992. 8) Osborne BM, Butler JJ, Pugh WC: The value of immunophenotyping    on paraffin sections in the identification of T-cell rich B-cell large-cell    lymphomas: Lineage confirmed by J„ rearrengement. Am. J. Surg.    Pathol., 14:933-938, 1990. 9) Parshall DB, Stenstrom KW: Malignant lesions of the tonsil. Radi-   ology, 60:564-571, 1953. 10) Saw D, Lau WH, Ho JHC, Chan JKC, Ng CS: Malignant lymphoe-   pithelial lesion of the salivary gland. Hum. Pathol., 7:914-923, 1986. 11) Senba M, Zhong XY: Immunohistochemical investigation of nasopha-   ryngeal carcinoma using keratin, EMA, laminin, fibronectin, collagen    type IV, laminin receptor, and laminin/collagen receptor antibodies.    Acta Med. Nagasaki., 38: (in press), 1993. 12) Shanmugaratnam K, Sobin LH: Histological typing of upper respi-   ratory tract and ear: WHO international histological classification of    tumors. 2nd Ed. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1991.13) Shi SR, Goodman ML, Bhan AK, Pitch BZ, Chen LB, Sun TT:    Immunohistochemical study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using    monoclonal keratin antibodies. Am. J. Pathol., 117:53-63, 1984. 14) Shibata D, Tokunaga M, Uemura Y, Sato E, Tanaka S, Weiss LM:    Association of Epstein-Barr virus with undifferentiated gastric carci-   nomas with intense lymphoid infiltration: Lymphoepithelioma-like    carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol., 139:469-474, 1991.15) Swanson SA, Cooper PH, Mills SE, Wick MR: Lymphoepithelioma-   like carcinoma of the skin. Mod. Pathol., 1:359-365, 1988. 16) Wick MR, Scheithauer BW, Weiland LH, Bernatz PE: Primary thym-   ic carcinomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol., 6:613-630, 1985. 17) Zhang HY, Yao K, Shu HC, Glaser R: Expression of the Epstein-Barr    virus genome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma epithelial tumor cell line.    Int. J. 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T-cell Rich B-cell Cross-reacting Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to examine infiltration of lymphocytes in the tumor nests of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using 38 biopsy cases obtained from southern China. These cases were divided into 3 groups according to their prominent pattern associated with the cell and the tissue differentiation using the World Health Organaization (WHO) classification as follows: (i) 6 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (16%), (ii) 25 cases of differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma (66%), (ii) 7 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma (18%). All tumor tissues reacted diffusely with MB-1, however, these did not react with L26 (CD20), 4KB5 (CD45R), MT-1, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA). In the tumor nests, normal lymphocytes were observed in squamous cell carcinoma type (50%), differentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma type (72%), and undifferentiated carcinoma type (86%). Therefore, it is suggested that a large number of infiltrating non-neoplastic T-cells may be related to good prognosis. T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas (TCRBCLs) are recently described as unusual non-Hodgkin's lymphomas associated with predominance of reactive T-cells. Therefore, the mechanism of T-cell lymphocyte infiltration adjacent to the tumor cell is considered that these T-cell infiltrates may be the passive response to cytokine secretion by the tumor cells

Senba, Masachika

Zhong, Xue-Yun

Itakura, Hideyo

Nagasaki university's Academic Output SITE

https://nagasaki-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=22031&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1

T-cell Rich B-cell Cross-reacting Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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