Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate a new technique for treatment of omphalocele using mesh fixation to skin with preserved omphalocele sac.
Materials and Methods:&nbsp; Chart of patients who treated with mesh fixation were reviewed. Demographic features, mortality and morbidity following treatment were recorded.
Results: in the current study 68 patients (f=32, m=36) were included. Of 68 csaes, 44(64.7%) had giant omphalocele. Among all cases, 20(29.4%) had isolated omphalocele. Mortality was 26.5%(18 of 68).&nbsp; Of survived cases, 21(42%) had detached mesh. Adhesion band was seen in 4(8.2%) of cases. Sepsis was seen in 11.8% of the cases.
Conclusion: According to the result of the study, suggested technique is promising and had several benefits. Duration of hospital staying, duration of intubation was less than previous technique

Askarpour, Shahnam

Javaherizadeh, Hazhir

Peyvasteh, Mehran

Sadeghi, Alireza

English

Journals Portal, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).9OriginalEvaluation of Omphalocele Treatment Using New Surgical TechniqueShahnam Askarpour1* , Mehran Peyvasteh1, Alireza Sadeghi1, Hazhir Javaherizadeh21 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran2 Alimentary Tract Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran*Address for Corresponder: Dr. Shahnam Askarpour, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (email: shahnam_askarpour@yahoo.com)How to cite this article: Askarpour Sh, Peyvasteh M, Sadeghi A, Javaherizadeh H. Evaluation of Omphalocele Treatment Using New Surgical Technique. Iranian Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2021; 7 (1): 9-14.DOI: https://doi.org/10.22037/irjps.v7i1. 33347Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate a new technique for treatment of omphalocele using mesh fixation to skin with preserved omphalocele sac.Materials and Methods:  Chart of patients who treated with mesh fixation were reviewed. Demographic features, mortality and morbidity following treatment were recorded.Results: in the current study 68 patients (f=32, m=36) were included. Of 68 csaes, 44(64.7%) had giant omphalocele. Among all cases, 20(29.4%) had isolated omphalocele. Mortality was 26.5%(18 of 68).  Of survived cases, 21(42%) had detached mesh. Adhesion band was seen in 4(8.2%) of cases. Sepsis was seen in 11.8% of the cases.Conclusion: According to the result of the study, suggested technique is promising and had several benefits. Duration of hospital staying, duration of intubation was less than previous techniques.AbstractKeywords•    Mesh•    Omphalocelereceived: 18 December 2020                       accepted: 12 January 2021Published online: May 202110Iranian Journal of Pediatric Surgery    Vol.7    No.1/2021This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).Omphalocele Treatment Using a New Technique                               Askarpour et alIntroduction Congenital defects of the abdominal wall are considered as one of the most common surgical diseases in neonates and infants, of theses, omphalocele and gastroschisis are the most common.1 The incidence is estimated one in 6000 live births.2 The prevalence of omphalocele was reported 2.63 per 10,000 live birth in Singapore.3 Early at the first trimester, physiologic hernation of intestine into the umblical cordoccures. Failure of the herniated intestine to return into the abdominal cavity between 6 to 10 weeks of gestation results in omphalocele formation.4, 5 Some authors considered giant omphalocele when diameter of the defect was larger than 5 to 6 cm and the sac contains whole or most of the liver.6 Between 37 to 67% of giant omphalocele are seen with Beckwith-Widemann syndrome or pentalogy of Cantrel.7 Different methods for treatment of omphalocele were described.8, 9 In the current study we described the results of mesh fixation over the skin for a ten-year period. In this method, a synthetic mesh was fixed to the skin and the omphalocele sac was preserved.Materials and MethodsIn this retrospective study, which lasted over a10-year period, mesh was placed on superficial layer of the skin. Mesh was fixed on the edges of the skin instead of fascia Figure 1. In this method, omphalocele sac was preserved. This study was approved by ethical committee of the university. In the new technique performed in this study, without the sac excision and without the need to expose the fascia around the sac, a Dual mesh is placed on the sac and a silo is created and the edges of the mesh are sutured to the skin around the omphalocel.  This method reduces the chance of infection and diffuse peritonitis, as well as the possibility of damage to the viscera and bleeding during removal of the sac and the duration of the operation.Figure 1: Day 1 Dual mesh sutured to skinThe silo is then held vertically and serially tied from above, and the viscera are pushed into the abdomen and the knots are brought down so that the entire viscera are gradually inserted into the abdomen Figure 2. By returning of all the viscera into the abdomen, either the skin closes and in the future becomes a ventral hernia; which is operated on at the right time, or as the defect shrinks, the skin closes on its own and becomes granulation tissue Figure 3. 11Iranian Journal of Pediatric Surgery    Vol.7    No.1/2021This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).Omphalocele Treatment Using a New Technique                               Askarpour et alFigure 2: Day 3 gradual reduction of viscera In the current technique, sac of omphalocele and abdominal muscle remain intact. Demographic feautres of the patients was recorded. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsMean of gestaional age was 37.662±2.4226  Figure 3: Skin closure after full reduction of viscera(31.5-40.5 weeks). Mean of birth weight was 2914.85±547.30 ranged 2105-4000 gram.Mean age of the mothers was 31.18±6.67 ranged 18-45 years old.Of 68 patients, 32(47.1%) were female and 36(52.9%) were male.Of 68 cases, 47(69.1%) had associated diseases. Twenty-one cases had isolated omphalocele.Of 68 cases, 8(11.8%) had 12Iranian Journal of Pediatric Surgery    Vol.7    No.1/2021This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).Omphalocele Treatment Using a New Technique                               Askarpour et alsepsis like illness.Giant omphalocele was seen in 44(64.7%) of cases. Giant omphalocele was seen in 62.5% of girls and 66.7% of boys (p=0.8).Of 68 neonates, 21(30.9%) were IUGR. Of all caes, 20(29.4%) had separatedomphalocele.Prematurity was seen in 24(35.3%) of cases.Among patients, 18 cases (26.5%) died after surgery. Finally, 50 cases survived at the end of follow up.Of patients, 18 patients died. Of survived caes, 4(8.2%) adhesion band was seen.Of survived cases, 40(80%) of cases showed sac epithelaization at the end of first month following surgery. Duration of surgery was 44.71±4.80 minutes ranged 30-60 minutes.Duration of hospital admission was 22.90±4.51 days ranged 15-36 days.Oral feeding was inititated 4.46±0.91 days ranged 3- 7 days after surgery.Post operativemoratlity was seen in 28.1% of girls and 25% of boys(p=0.49). Associated abnormalities were seen in 65.6% of girls and 72.2% of boys(p=0.6)Frequency of sepsis was 15.6% among girls and 8.3% among boys without statistical significancy (p=0.46%). Frequecny of giant omphalocele was 62.5% among girls and 66.7% among boys (p=0.8). Frequency of IUGR was 31.3% among girls and 30.6% among boys without statistical significancy (p=0.57). Frequency of prematutrity was 37.5% among girls and 33.3% among boys without statistical difference (p=0.8).Adhesion band was reported 9.1% among girls and 7.4% among boys (p=0.61). Epitheliazation of sac was seen in 82.6% of girls and 77.8% of boys (p=0.73)DiscussionThe incidence of omphaloecele was reported 27.41 per 10,000 live birth in previous studies.10 In the study by Calzolari et al, the prevalence of omphalocele was 2.52 per 10,000. 11 In the recent multi country study, the prevalence of omphalocele was 2.6 per 10,000 live birth.12The mortality of omphaloecele in the current study was 26.5%. In the study by Hwang and Kousseff13, mortality rate was 22% which is slightly lower than our study. The overall mortality rate in a multi country study was 32.1%.12 The differencesin mortality rates may be related to type of procedure, weight of neonates, or associated anomalies.Among our cases, 47.1% were female and 52.9% were male. In the study by Yazbeck et al, male: female ratio was 3.2.14Associated anomaly and disease were seen in 69.1% of the patients.In the study by Yazbeck et al., associated anomaly apart from malrtotation, was present in 45% of the patients.14 Associated anomalies was higher in our study compared to Yazbeck et al.14Sepsis was seen in 11.8% of the patients. IUGR was seen in 30.9% of the neonates. Giant omphalocele was seen in 64.7% of the patients.Prenatal diagnosis of omphaloecle was done 33.8% of the neonates. Ultrasound analysis in the first trimester is the valualble for diagnosis of omphalocele.15 Prematurity was seen 35.3% of the neonates. In  the study by Mayer et al, omphalocele was associated by 23% of prematurity.16Adhesion band was seen in 8% of cases. Of these cases, 5% 13Iranian Journal of Pediatric Surgery    Vol.7    No.1/2021This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).Omphalocele Treatment Using a New Technique                               Askarpour et alled to reoperation. In the study by van eijck et al, 18% of children had post operative adhesion band which was higher than our study. Sepsis was reported in 12% among our cases. In another study, frequency of sepsis was 35%.Acording to Saxena and Raicevic study, sepsis was the independent iatrogenic factor in the mortaility.17 As mentioned above, mortality of omphalocele in our study was similar to other studies. In the current technique, sac of omphalocele and abdominal muscle remain intact.ConclusionAccording to the result of the study, suggested technique is promising and had several benefits. Duration of hospital staying, duration of intubation was less than previous techniques.LimitationRetrospective study was the main limitationEthical ConsiderationThis   study   was   approved   by Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences with code number IR.AJUMS.REC.1398.087Acknowledgements Not applicableFunding/Support Not applicableConflict of interestsThere is no conflict of interest References1. Islam S: Advances in Surgery for Abdominal Wall Defects: Gastroschisis and Omphalocele. Clin Perinatol 2012; 39: 375-86.2. Danzer E, Gerdes M, D’Agostino JA,  et al: Prospective, interdisciplinary follow-up of children with prenatally diagnosed giant omphalocele: short-term neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45: 718-23.3. Tan K, Tan K, Chew S, et al: Gastroschisis and omphalocele in Singapore: a ten-year series from 1993 to 2002. Singapore Med J 2008; 49: 31-6.4. Davis NM, Kurpios NA, Sun X, et al: The chirality of gut rotation derives from left-right asymmetric changes in the architecture of the dorsal mesentery. Dev Cell 2008; 15: 134-45.5. Thieme GA: Developmental malformations of the fetal ventral body wall. Ultrasound Q 1992; 10: 225-66.6. Pacilli M, Spitz L, Kiely EM, et al: Staged repair of giant omphalocele in the neonatal period. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40: 785-8.14Iranian Journal of Pediatric Surgery    Vol.7    No.1/2021This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 License (CC BY-NC 3.0).Omphalocele Treatment Using a New Technique                               Askarpour et al7. Bauman B, Stephens D, Gershone H, et al: Management of giant omphaloceles: A systematic review of methods of staged surgical vs. nonoperative delayed closure. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51: 1725-30.8. Foroutan H, Jenabali Jahromi B, Dastgheyb N, et al: A New Method of Repairing Giant Omphaloceles with Bilateral Mesh Grafts Lateral to the Rectus Abdominis Muscles. Ann Colorectal Res 2013; 1: 0-.9. Binet A, Scalabre A, Amar S, et al: Operative versus conservative treatment for giant omphalocele: Study of French and Ivorian management. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2020; 65: 147-53.10. Askarpour S, Ostadian N, Javaherizadeh H, et al: Omphalocele, gastroschisis: epidemiology, survival, and mortality in Imam Khomeini hospital, Ahvaz-Iran. Pol Przegl Chir  2012; 84: 82-5.11. Calzolari E, Bianchi F, Dolk H, et al: Omphalocele and gastroschisis in Europe: A survey of 3 million births 1980–1990. Am J Med Genet 1995; 58: 187-94.12. Nembhard WN, Bergman JEH, Politis MD, et al: A multi-country study of prevalence and early childhood mortality among children with omphalocele. Birth Defects Res 2020;112:1787-180.13. Hwang P-J, Kousseff BG: Omphalocele and gastroschisis: an 18-year review study. Genet Med 2004; 6: 232-6.14. Yazbeck S, Ndoye M, Khan AH: Omphalocele: A 25-year experience. J Pediatr Surg 1986; 21: 761-3.15. Roux N, Grangé G, Salomon LJ, et al: [Early diagnosis of omphalocele: Prognostic value of the herniated viscera for associated anomalies]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2019; 47: 637-42.16. Mayer T, Black R, Matlak ME, et al: Gastroschisis and omphalocele. An eight-year review. Ann Surg 1980; 192: 783.17. Saxena AK, Raicevic M: Predictors of mortality in neonates with giant omphaloceles. Minerva Pediatr 2018; 70: 289-95.

Evaluation of Omphalocele Treatment Using New Surgical Technique

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Evaluation of Omphalocele Treatment Using New Surgical Technique

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