Haug, Patricia

Helmke, Martin

Keebler, Abigail

English

Digital Commons @ West Chester University

West Chester University Digital Commons @ West Chester University Sustainability Research & Practice Seminar Presentations Sustainability Research & Creative Activities @ WCU 3-24-2021 WCU’s Geoexchange System, Stream Salinization, and Heated Sidewalks: Exercises in Sustainable Connections Martin Helmke Patricia Haug Abigail Keebler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/srca_sp  Part of the Sustainability Commons WCU’s Geoexchange System, Stream Salinization, and Heated Sidewalks: Exercises in Sustainable ConnectionsMartin Helmke, Patricia Haug, and Abigail KeeblerDepartment of Earth and Space SciencesMarch 24, 2021Project SupportWCU Facilities and Grounds: John Lattanze, Timothy Smith, Dustin Zappone, Joshua Braid, Greg Cuprak, Bruce WilsonFaculty Collaborators: Dr. Ulrich Klabunde, Dr. Tim LutzStroud Water Research Center: Dr. John Jackson, David Bressler, Shannon Hicks, and othersEngineering Design: Neal Babcock and Howard AldersonGraduate Students: David Kodokian, Denise Gatlin, Jacky WilsonUndergraduate Students: Angela Reed, Jacob Thompson, and Kirsten MooreFinancial Support:Dr. Sandra MatherUS Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies ProgramNASA Space GrantPA Department of Community and Economic DevelopmentWCU Office of Sponsored ResearchWCU College of the Sciences and MathematicsWCU FoundationWCU Student Technology FeeTalk Outline• Sustainability of the Geothermal System on the WCU Campus (Helmke)• Salinization of West Chester Streams from Deicing Salt (Haug)• Drones and Heated Sidewalks for Thermal Sustainability and Deicing Alternative (Keebler)Hydrogeothermal Electricity Production•Utilize near‐surface geothermal features to supply steam to drive turbinesHellisheiði Power Station, IcelandHydrogeothermal Electricity Production•10.7 GW electricity worldwide; 3.1 GW in US•Maximum potential between 35 and 2,000 GW89 Geothermal Plants in 24 CountriesEnhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)•Deep (3‐10 km) wells inject water into hot rock for steam•100 GW in US potential by 2050 (US electric cap. 1,051 GW)•200 ZJ extractable in the US (Tester et al., 2006)(EERE , 2012)Geothermal Heat FluxBlackwell, D. D., and Richards, M. 2004Ground‐Source Heat Pumpsaka GeoExchange or “Geothermal” Systems•Near‐surface earth used as a heat source/sink•Over 1M systems in the U.S.; 12 GW thermal capacity•3M systems worldwide; 35 GW capacity•A typical household geothermal system saves $1,000/yr•Typical household system costs $25k•Payoff in 4‐8 years with subsidiesVertical Closed‐Loop Horizontal Closed‐Loop Open‐Loop(Bony, 2012)Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency(Bony, 2012)Yields:4-6 units of energy for the buildingPlus:3-5 units of “free” energy from ground400-600% “Efficient”Is this sustainable?1 unit of energy from the grid54 °F (285 K)Ground Response to GS Heat PumpsSummerGround Response to GS Heat PumpsWinterGround Response to GS Heat PumpsFundamentals of Heat Transport(EERE , 2012)TemperatureHeat EnergyJ, joule, 1 kg m2 s‐2BTU, British Thermal Unit; 1 BTU raises 1 lb water 1 °F1 BTU  1 kJ  energy in a matchW, watt, 1 W = 1 J s‐1BTU/h, BTUs per hour1 ton = 12,000 BTU/h; 2,000 lbs ice in 24 hrs1 ton = 3.5 kWHeat FlowK, kelvin, °C above absolute zero°F, degrees Fahrenheit54 °F = 285 KGeology•Baltimore Gneiss Formation•Felsic and mafic gneiss, metagranite and metadiabase•Middle Proterozoic to Ordovician•Fractured and heterogeneous10 cm16.1 MW (4,600 ton)$40M1,400 (currently 836) wells152m (500 ft) deepWCU’s District Geothermal SystemWCU’s Geothermal PumphouseThe WCU Geothermal System is Efficient ‐1000‐500050010001500kWHeat0100200300400500kWElectricity01234Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep OctCOPHEHCOPH COPH:  coefficient of performance:  heat extracted/injected (W)E: electrical power (W)2012‐2013 Data‐15 ‐10 ‐5 0 5 10 15 20JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberMonthly Energy Demand (TJ)Cooling Heating(from Alderson Engineering, 2012)Total N Campus Load – 79% More Cooling than HeatingEach Person Produces 80‐100 W Heat!Geothermal Wellfield Return Temperature 2010 to 2013MODFLOW/MT3DMS Simulation of Thermal ResponseCoupled heat and groundwater transport50 mK = 1 x 10‐6 m/sT0 = 54 °F (285 K)Dm = 1.4 x 10‐6 m2/sKd = 5.0 x 10‐4 m3/kgB = 2,400 kg/m3R = 0.54 m/yrT80706050K °FSummer 201050 mT80706050K °F50 mSummer 2011T80706050K °F50 mSummer 201201234567820 40 60 80 100 120COPHSupply T (°F)Heat Pump EfficiencyClimate Master, 2013Geothermal Cooling TowerHeat Removal2019/2020: 1.2 TJ2020/2021: 0.8 TJHeat0.7 °F/yr decreaseGeothermal Wellfield Return Temperature 2015 to 2021T (°F)INVESTIGATING STREAM RESPONSE TO ROAD DE-ICING AGENTSA CLOSER LOOK AT 5 STREAMS IN WEST CHESTER, PENNSYLVANIASTUDY AREAMETHODS / LAND COVERImage of Model My Watershed.  Adapted from Model My Watershed, by SWRC, 2020, retrieved from https://modelmywatershed.org/project/31761/scenario/54611 METHODS / MONITORING STATION INSTALLATIONLeft:  David Bressler and Rachel JohnsonRight:  Rachel Johnson, Shannon Hicks, and David BresslerMETHODS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTSNeutral Buoyant Object (NBO)METHODS / PRECIPITATION DATAImage of National Water Information Systems:  Web Interface, by USGS.  Retrieved from https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/pa/nwis/uv/?cb_00045=on&format=gif_default&site_no=01480870&period=&begin_date=2019-12-09&end_date=2019-12-10METHODS CHLORIDERESULTS / EVENT #1NO SALTDecember 8 & 9, 2020Precipitation• 32 mmElectrical Conductivity / DropRESULTS / EVENT #2SALT RESPONSEDecember 16 & 17, 2020Precipitation 31 mmElectrical Conductivity / SpikeRESULTS / EVENT #3RESIDUAL SALT RESPONSE (?)January 12, 2020Precipitation 2.3 mmElectrical Conductivity / SpikeRESULTS / EVENT #4SALT RESPONSEJanuary 18 & 19, 2020Precipitation 11 mmElectrical Conductivity / SpikeRESULTS / CHLORIDECONCLUSION Stream responses to de-icing agents were identified as a result of observing baseline data for this study. PREB and PRWB are the first two streams to respond to de-icing agents observed as spikes in EC. GC is typically the third stream to reach peak EC.  GC experiences a slower steadier rise. TR and BR are the fourth and fifth streams to reach peak EC, respectively.  These streams also experience a slow steady rise, reaching peak EC several hours after the first responses of PREB and PRWB. De-icing agents may have significant impacts on aquatic life and the potability of water.   Long term research will be necessary to identify specific effects and develop mitigating measures to assure the future health of these freshwater sources. Thermal UASHeated Sidewalk Pilot Project•Front Mezzanine of 25 University Hall•Installed in 2008•>283 m of hydronic tubing over 90 m2•Releases 28.7 kW heatThermal UASHeated Sidewalk Pilot Project* PricewaterhouseCoopers, 201NASA, 2019>100,000 km2 : Satellite0.1 to 100 km2 :sUAS<0.1 km2 :Hand-held cameraWADNR, 2019100-100,000 km2:Conventional aircraftSelect the correct scale of analysis for your investigationScales of Remote SensingDrone InstrumentationFort Collins, CO HazMat UAV (Rhode, 2018)To select the right tool for the job, we must fully understand proper application, deployment, and analysis• Cameras• Electro-Optical (EO)• Zoom• Thermal IR• Multispectral/Hyperspectral• IR Gas Detection• Lasers• LiDAR• Laser gas detection• Geophysical instruments• Magnetometer• EM• GPR• RAD: Geiger-Mueller, -Spec.• Gas Analyzers• Solid state gas meter (O2, H2S, CO, LEL, Cl2, NH4, etc.)• PID/VOCs• GCMS• Drone-deployed sensorsUAV Sensor TechnologiesZenmuse XT2 Camera• Far IR 15-1,000 m• FlIR Duo R• 13 mm lens• 640 x 520 pixels• 30 fps• 0.1 °C precision40102030T (°C)Orthomosaic of 40 images, Zenmuse XT2 Thermal CameraResidential spring hydrogeologic investigationThermal IR Measures Temperature of SurfacesAbby KeeblerThermal Drone ExperimentFeb 2020Aerial EO and Thermal IR Imagery5 mHeated Sidewalk Simulations𝜕 𝑇𝜕𝑥𝑆𝜆𝜕𝑇𝜕𝑡Q = λAi Fourier’s Law𝑢𝑟 𝑆4𝑘𝑡T = temperatureQ = heat flux ratek = thermal conductivity𝑊 𝑢𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑇𝑄4𝜋𝑇𝑊 𝑢r = radius (distance) SVC = volumetric heat capacityt = time10 minutes 1 hour2 hours 8 hoursAccording to our modeling:•1 TJ of heat energy/year to balance current geothermal system•Operating heated surface 8 hrs/freezing day•3,100 m2 area•3,100 m (2 miles) heated sidewalk•Or the Lawrence parking lot•Cost $650,000 at $215/m2Thermal UASHeated Sidewalk Pilot ProjectGoodman Construction, 2019Conclusions• Sustainable operation of geothermal systems require thermal balancing• Deicing salt causes significant short‐term and possibly chronic impact to streams• Heated surfaces have the potential to both balance the geothermal system and protect aquatic organisms

WCU’s Geoexchange System, Stream Salinization, and Heated Sidewalks: Exercises in Sustainable Connections

https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=srca_sp

WCU’s Geoexchange System, Stream Salinization, and Heated Sidewalks: Exercises in Sustainable Connections

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