Sweet cherryis one of the most representativeculture in Romania and the  North  East  region,  is  the  most  important  production  region  in  the  country. Vegetativegrowth,  productivity  and  fruit quality  of ninesweet  cherry  cultivars ‘Kordia’,   ‘Karina’,   ‘Regina’,   ‘Ferrovia’,   ‘Skeena’,   ‘Summit’,‘Sunburst’,‘Canada  Giant’  and  ‘Sweetheart’were  evaluated.  Trees  grafted  on  ‘Gisela  5’ rootstock  were  planted  in  2010  in  Iasi.The  productivity  of  the  cultivarswas assessed  for fourproduction  years. The  productivity  of  early  cultivars  was reduced  in  some  years  due  to  unfavourable  weather  conditions  in  the  period before or during ripening.The cultivars will be discussed in relation to the less favourable  conditions  for  sweet  cherry  production  in  Romania  due  to  climatic change and the suitability of rootstock ‘Gisela 5’

Bernardis, R.

Istrate, M.

Pașcu, Roxana

Zlati, Cristina

Istrate, Mihai

Negrea Pașcu, Roxana

Bernardis, Roberto-Renato

ALSE Repository

LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (2) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 69 SWEET CHERRY CULTIVARS EVALUATION IN ROMANIA  EVALUAREA SORTIMENTULUI DE CIREŞ IN ROMANIA  ZLATI Cristina1, ISTRATE M.*1, PAŞCU Roxana1, BERNARDIS R.1 *Corresponding author e-mail: mistrate2000@yahoo.com  Abstract. Sweet cherry is one of the most representative culture in Romania and the North East region, is the most important production region in the country. Vegetative growth, productivity and fruit quality of nine sweet cherry cultivars ‘Kordia’, ‘Karina’, ‘Regina’, ‘Ferrovia’, ‘Skeena’, ‘Summit’, ‘Sunburst’, ‘Canada Giant’ and ‘Sweetheart’ were evaluated. Trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ rootstock were planted in 2010 in Iasi. The productivity of the cultivars was assessed for four production years. The productivity of early cultivars was reduced in some years due to unfavourable weather conditions in the period before or during ripening. The cultivars will be discussed in relation to the less favourable conditions for sweet cherry production in Romania due to climatic change and the suitability of rootstock ‘Gisela 5’. Key words: Prunus avium L., vigour, yield efficiency, fruit quality, Gisela 5  Rezumat. Cireşul este una dintre cele mai reprezentative culturi din România şi regiunea Nord-Est, este cea mai importantă regiune de producţie din ţară. Creşterea vegetativă, productivitatea şi calitatea fructelor au fost evaluate, la nouă soiuri de cireşe ‘Kordia’, ‘Karina’, ‘Regina’, ‘Ferrovia’, ‘Skeena’, ‘Summit’, ‘Sunburst’, ‘Canada Giant’ şi ‘Sweetheart’. Pomii altoiţi pe portaltoiul ‘Gisela 5’ au fost plantaţi în 2010 la Iaşi. Productivitatea cultivarilor a fost evaluată timp de patru ani de producţie. Productivitatea cultivarilor timpurii a fost redusă în unii ani datorită condiţiilor meteorologice nefavorabile din perioada anterioară sau în timpul maturării fructelor. Soiurile vor fi evaluate în legătură cu condiţiile mai puţin favorabile pentru producţia de cireşe în România, din cauza schimbărilor climatice şi a compatibilităţii portaltoiului ‘Gisela 5’. Cuvinte cheie: Prunus avium L., vigoare, eficienţa recoltelor, calitatea fructelor, Gisela 5 INTRODUCTION Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) culture is one of the most representative culture in Romania but the production has been decreasing over the last two decades, reaching 6020 ha in 2017, compared with 12302 ha in 1997 (tab. 1). Even so the production has been more or less constant wich drove us to the conclusion that the now orchards are more effcient. The introduction of new local cultivars together with foreign cultivars is the main method of attempting to improve the sweet cherry assortment. The                                                  1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Romania LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (2) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 70 geographic diversity, production practice traditions and implementation of modern technologies demand the use of a variety of rootstocks, which also requires testing different cultivar-rootstock combinations (Usenik et al., 2006).  The priorities for sweet cherry breeders are increased fruit quality, such as size, appearance, firmness, flavor, and shelf life, and extending seasonality, self-fertility, abiotic and biotic stress resistance, (Sansavini and Lugli, 2008; Budan and Petre, 2006).  In the last years many new cultivars have been released and due to the introduction of dward and semi-dwarf rootstocks (Franken-Bembenek, 2010), there is also a demand for cultivars with specific characteristics, such as productivity for sufficient tree growth and large fruit size.  Table 1  Acreage (ha) and production (t) of sweet cherries in Romania (FAOStat, 2019) Specification Sweet cherry 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2007 1997 Acreage (ha) 6020 6127 6308 6446 7079 6829 7688 12302 Production (t) 55490 73834 75503 82808 80477 70542 65163  73837  The proper variety-rootstock combination is always the key to a successful orchard. Evaluation and testing varieties and also variety -rootstock combinations in local conditions is crucial, since the results of testing greatly depend on local pedo-climatic conditions (Iurea et al., 2017; Milatović et al., 2013; Usenik and Fajt, 2019; Whiting et al., 2005). The aim of this research was to evaluate the growth, productivity and quality parameters of nine varieties grafted ‘Gisela 5’ (P. cerasus L. × P. canescens Bois.) rootstock. MATERIAL AND METHOD The screening of the varieties involved five trees of each variety grafted on „Gisela 5‟. All varieties were followed for at least 4 production years. The Cherry Descriptor List of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) was used for the evaluation. Production and fruit charateristics were determined each year.  Spring frost tolerance was noted. Harvesting date and yield were recorded. The fruits weight and size were measured and led us to classify the cultivars. Fruit weights were calculated on a sample of 50 fruits. Sugar levels were determined with a digital refractometer using the juice of a mixed sample (20 fruits). The fruit quality was determined based on weight, diameter (mm) and organoleptic characteristics (Perez-Sanchez et al., 2010; Milatović D., et al., 2013). Other parameters measured were the percentage of cracked fruits on the tree.  Most cultivars were included in a taste panel with 6 judges. A maximum of three cultivars were evaluated by each panel using a scale from 1 to 9, in which 1 corresponds to very poor flavour, 5 is moderate and 9 is very good. All the data will contribute to the choice of an update sweet cherry assortment more convenient for modern training methods (Istrate et al., 2016; Gjamovski V. et al., 2016). LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (2) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 71 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Sweet cherry actual assortment offers a large interval for fresh consumption, on average 75 days, since second decade of May till the first decade of August. George is a Romanian late ripening variety obtained at Iasi Fruit Growing Research Station (Sirbu et al., 2017). All sweet cherry varieties taken into study ripened after ‘Bigareau Burlat’ in the following order: ‘Summit’, ‘Canada Giant’, ‘Kordia’, ‘Ferrovia’, ‘Skeena’, ‘Karina’, ‘Regina’, ‘Sunburst’, ‘Sweetheart’ (fig. 1) (Stehr, 2005; Vercammen et al., 2014).  Variety/Dacade Month May June July August 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 Narana             Bigareau Burlat             Summit              Canada Giant             Van             Boambe de Cotnari             Kordia             Ferrovia             Skeena             Karina             Regina             Sunburst             Sweetheart             George             Fig. 1 Average ripening time of different sweet cherry varieties in Romania   Fig. 2 Aspects from the experimental field  Nine of the most promising selections obtained in the last years breeding programs and most cultivated in Romania (Musacchi et al., 2015) were screened on LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (2) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 72 Gisela 5 rootstock, for their adaptability to new intensive high density orchards and for fruit characteristics.  Among quality characteristics fruit aspect is very important since it is the initial sensory attribute that can determine a consumer’s choice. It is considered that there are three important characteristics associated with the appearance of fruit: color, size and shape, and surface texture. Fruit size is an important characteristic for commercial value.  Data for the fruit quality characteristics of evaluated varieties, in 2019 are shown in table 2. In terms of fruit weight, the following varieties were noted: ’Regina’ (11.0 g) and ‘Kordia’ (10.4 g).  Table 2 Quality characteristics of the analyzed sweet cherry varieties, data for year 2019 Variety Fruit characteristics Fruit Weight (g) Sugar content (°Brix) Flavour  (1-9)  Cracked fruits (%)  Cracking resistance Summit 9.4 17.8 7 28 Good Canada Giant 10.0 18.6 7 35 Good Kordia 10.4 20.5  8 15 Very good Ferrovia 10.1 19.7 7 32 Good Skeena 9.2 20.0 8 63 Poor Karina 9.6 20.1 8 18 Very good Regina 11.0 20.7 8 17 Very good Sunburst 10.2 19.8 7 38 Good Sweetheart 9.2 21.2 8 59 Poor  The skin color is relatively similar to all nine varieties, with different shades from red to dark red, with high organoleptic characteristics. ‘Skeena’ has good productivity, flavour, and firmness and also it is self-fertile. The fact that it is highly susceptible to cracking is a big disadvantage. Because of its many positive qualities, it may have potential as a cultivar grown under plastic cover. Without plastic covering ‘Sweetheart’ and ‘Skeena’ are not the best option in our cultivation conditions. Data on the varieties productivity are given in table 3. Analyzing production evolution in the last three years can be observed a very significant increase in 2018 and 2019 mainly due to the high percentage of flower buds LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (2) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 73 differentiation and thus, the large number of fruits/bunch. In last two years there was used additional pollination (two bumble bee colonies/hectare). Regarding fruit production, we found that the most productive is ’Regina’ (23.4 t/ha), followed by ’Karina’, ’Ferrovia’, ’Sweetheart’ and ‘Kordia’.  Table 3 Evolution of the production (t/ha),  between 2016-2019  Fig. 3. Damages caused  by late frost Variety 2016 2017 2018 2019 Summit 7.8 10.2 15.0 17.0 Canada Giant 8.6 11.5 16.0 18.0 Kordia 12.1 15.9 20.0 21.0 Ferrovia  10.0 13.5 20.0 21.5 Skeena 9.5 12.0 17.0 19.0 Karina  10.2 14.0 20.0 21.8 Regina  10.2 13.7 22.0 23.4 Sunburst 9.2 12.9 18.0 20.0 Sweetheart 9.9 13.0 19.0 21.1 Average 9.73 12.97 18.56 20.32   In the last years the change of climatic conditions are affecting trees growing and development, resulting early flowering seasons, followed in some years by lack of rain or rainy periods and extreme temperature fluctuations during fruit development or. The impact of unfavourable conditions is most evident in early ripening cultivars, due to high fruit drop and fruit cracking or the fruits may remain small in size. Low damage was also recorded in early-ripening cultivars in spring 2019 (fig. 3), when late frost (3rd of April) caused pistil browning.  CONCLUSIONS The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1. Early ripening varieties are ‘Summit’ and ’Canada Giant’, middle ripening are ‘Kordia’, ’Ferrovia’ ’Skeena’, ’Karina’ and the late ripening are ’Regina’, ’Sunburst’ and ’Sweetheart’. 2. Fructification phenophases are determined by the climatic factor. Climate change will increase the need for more robust varieties that tolerate environmental stresses. 3. Regarding fruit production, the most productive is ’Regina’ (23.4 t/ha), followed by ’Karina’, ’Ferrovia’, ’Sweetheart’ and ‘Kordia’. 4. In terms of fruit weight, the following varieties were noted: ’Regina’ (11.0 g) and ‘Kordia’ (10.4 g). LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (2) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 74 5. The ideal sweet cherry variety would be self-fertile that is not susceptible to frost or cracking, productive, early or late ripening, low in vigour and have good fruit quality (firm and large) and a good flavour. REFERENCES  1. Budan S., Petre L., 2006 – Soiuri de cireş pentru plantaţiile comerciale. Editura INVEL-Multimedia, Bucureşti. 2. Franken-Bembenek, S., 2010 - GiSelAs, PIKUs, and new Giessen clones: results from European and north American cherry rootstock trials. Erwerbs-Obstbau 52, 17–25 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-010-0100-9. 3. Gjamovski V., Kiprijanovski M., Arsov T., 2016 - Evaluation of some cherry varieties grafted on Gisela 5 rootstock, Turk J Agric For (2016) 40: 737-745. 4. Grădinariu G., 2002 – Pomicultură specială. Editura “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”, Iaşi. 5. Istrate M., Dascălu M., Iacob FL., Zlati Cristina, Arcăleanu A., 2016 - Agrobiologic potential evaluation of some new sweet cherry varieties in order to improve upon the Romanian assortment, Lucrări Ştiinţifice USAMV Iaşi, seria Horticultură, vol. 59, nr. 2, pp. 201-206, ISSN 1454-7376. 6. Iurea Elena, Sîrbu Sorina, Corneanu Margareta, 2017 - Research on the behavior of some sweet cherry cultivars in Iasi area, Lucrări Ştiinţifice Seria Horticultură, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV Iaşi. 7. Milatović D., Durović D., Dorđević B., Vulić T., Zec G., 2013 - Testing of sweet cherry cultivars on 'Gisela 5' rootstock,  Acta Hortic. 981, pp. 167-171. 8. Musacchi, S., Gagliardi, F., and Serra, S., 2015 - New training systems for high-density planting of sweet cherry. HortScience 50, 59–67. 9. Sîrbu Sorina, Iurea Elena, Corneanu Margareta, 2017 - New sweet cherry cultivars for Romanian orchards, Lucrări Ştiinţifice Seria Horticultură, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV Iaşi. 10. Perez-Sanchez R., Gómez-Sánchez M.,Morales-Corts M., 2010 - Description and quality evaluation of sweet cherry culture in Spain. Journal of Food Quality. 33. pp 490–506. 11. Sansavini S., Lugli S., 2008 - Sweet cherry breeding programs in Europe and Asia. Acta Hortic. 795, 41–58 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.795.1. 12. Stehr R., 2005 - Screening of sweet cherry cultivars in northern Germany. Acta Hortic. 667, 65–68 https://doi. org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.667.6. 13. 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Evaluarea sortimentului de cireş in Romania

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Evaluarea sortimentului de cireş in Romania

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