Fireblight -Erwinia  amylovora  Burill.  Winslow  is  one  of  the  most damaging  for  the  apple  culture  in  the  many  apple  producing  countries.  Under ideal  microclimate  conditions  it  can  destroy  a  young  apple  orchard  in  a  single growing season, and by consequence it is very devastating not only for the apple production growing industry but for nurseries sector as well. In order to restrain and  control  the  disease  spread  and  damages,  intensive  researches  are  carried out  in  many  fruit  growing  countries.  This  work  aim  was  to  assess  the  infection risks and early warning possibilities for the fire blight infections, under specific climatic  conditions,  using  modern  computer  software,  to  assess  the  behavior  of some  new  released  and  introduced  apple  varieties  and  to  establish  their susceptibility to natural occurred infections on active growing lateral shoots, in the latest years. According to the software forecast model, in the latest years, the infection  risk  with  Erwinia  amylovora  on  apples  was  high  and  very  high  from May to October. Under the given natural and technological conditions, the most sensitive  apple  varieties  to  fireblight  attack  were: Auriu  de  Bistrita  (ROM) DD%=45.0;   Dalinco   and   Dalinred   (FRA)   DD%=30-45.0;   Topaz   (CEH) DD%=35.0;  Crimson  Crisp  and  Idared  (USA)  DD%=35.0;  Red  Jonaprince (NL),  Fuji  Kiku  Clone  8  (JPN)  DD%=15.0.During  the  identified  risk  periods the  apple  trees  need  special  prunings  and  preventive  treatments  with  plant protection  products  including  copper  hydroxide  and  fosetil-aluminium,  to  keep them  in  good  phytosanitary  status.  In  order  to  better  manage  the fireblight disease, breeding o new tolerant or resistant apple varieties is always actual and a constant request

Calinescu, Mirela

Marin, F. C.

Militaru, Madalina

Sumedrea, D.

Sumedrea, Mihaela

Marin, Florin-Cristian

Călinescu, Mirela

Militaru, Mădălina

Sumedrea, Dorin

ALSE Repository

LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 169 BEHAVIOR OF SOME NEW APPLE VARIETIES  ON THE FIREBLIGHT ATTACK   COMPORTAREA UNOR SOIURI NOI DE MĂR  LA ATACUL FOCULUI BACTERIAN  MARIN F. C. 1, CĂLINESCU Mirela, MILITARU Mădălina, SUMEDREA Mihaela, SUMEDREA D.  e-mail: c_marin69@yahoo.com  Abstract. Fireblight - Erwinia amylovora Burill. Winslow is one of the most damaging for the apple culture in the many apple producing countries. Under ideal microclimate conditions it can destroy a young apple orchard in a single growing season, and by consequence it is very devastating not only for the apple production growing industry but for nurseries sector as well. In order to restrain and control the disease spread and damages, intensive researches are carried out in many fruit growing countries. This work aim was to assess the infection risks and early warning possibilities for the fire blight infections, under specific climatic conditions, using modern computer software, to assess the behavior of some new released and introduced apple varieties and to establish their susceptibility to natural occurred infections on active growing lateral shoots, in the latest years. According to the software forecast model, in the latest years, the infection risk with Erwinia amylovora on apples was high and very high from May to October. Under the given natural and technological conditions, the most sensitive apple varieties to fireblight attack were: Auriu de Bistrita (ROM) DD%=45.0; Dalinco and Dalinred (FRA) DD%=30-45.0; Topaz (CEH) DD%=35.0; Crimson Crisp and Idared (USA) DD%=35.0; Red Jonaprince (NL), Fuji Kiku Clone 8 (JPN) DD%=15.0. During the identified risk periods the apple trees need special prunings and preventive treatments with plant protection products including copper hydroxide and fosetil-aluminium, to keep them in good phytosanitary status. In order to better manage the fireblight disease, breeding o new tolerant or resistant apple varieties is always actual and a constant request. Key words: apple, varieties, fireblight, behavior, monitoring, early-warning  Rezumat. Focul bacterian al rozaceelor - Erwinia amylovora Burill. Winslow este una dintre cele mai pagubitoare maladii care afectează cultura mărului în numeroase tări ale lumii. In condiţii ideale de microclimat poate distruge o plantaţie tânară in decursul unui sezon de vegetaţie, de aceea este păgubitoare nu numai pentru producţia de mere ci şi pentru sectorul pepinieristic. Pentru restrângerea şi controlul răspândirii maladiei şi a daunelor, se intreprind cercetări laborioase în multe ţări cu tradiţie în pomicultură. Scopul acestei lucrări a fost acela al investigării riscului infecţiilor cu focul bacterian, şi al posibilităţilor de avertizare timpurie a atacului, in condiţii climatice specifice, folosind sofware modern, evaluarea comportării unor soiuri de măr recent omologate sau introduse în ţară şi stabilirea susceptibilităţii la infecţiile                                                            1Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti Romania, Orchard Technology and Plant Protection Lab LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 170 apărute în condiţii naturale pe lăstarii laterali. Conform modelului software de avertizare timpurie,in ultimii ani riscul infecţiilor cu Erwinia amylovora a fost mare şi foarte mare din Mai şi până în Octombrie. În condiţiile naturale şi tehnologice de referinţă, cele mai susceptibile soiuri de măr s-au dovedit a fi : Auriu de Bistrita (ROM) GA%=45.0; Dalinco and Dalinred (FRA) GA%=30-45.0; Topaz (CEH) GA%=35.0; Crimson Crisp and Idared (USA) GA%=35.0; Red Jonaprince (NL), Fuji Kiku Clone 8 (JPN) GA%=15.0. Pe parcursul perioadelor de risc identificate, pomii au avut nevoie de tăieri speciale şi  tratamente preventive cu produse de protecţie a plantelor pe bază de hidroxid de cupru şi fosetil de aluminiu pentru a putea fi menţinuţi în stare fitosanitară corespunzătoare. Pentru prevenirea şi combaterea cu success a focului bacterian, ameliorarea sortimentală şi obţinerea de soiuri de măr tolerante sau rezistente este o cerinţă şi o activitate mereu actuală. Cuvinte cheie: măr, soiuri, focul bacterian, comportare, monitoring, avertizare-timpurie INTRODUCTION Fireblight is one of the most damaging for the apple culture in many apples producing countries. Under ideal conditions it can destroy a young apple orchard in a single growing season, and by consequence it is very devastating not only for the apple production growing industry but for nurseries sector as well (Biggs et al., 2008; Babadoost, 2005; Hartman and Hershman, 2002; Ritchie and Sutton, 2002; Branişte and Amzăr, 2000; Amzăr and Ivaşcu, 2003; Tomşa and Tomşa, 2003). The causal agent (Erwinia amylovora Burr Winslow, Bacteriophyta, Enterobacteriaceae) was spotted for the first in England in the 18th Century, but nowadays is present in many apple growing countries. More over the pathogen attacks 75 hosts plant species and genera, on many genus of fruit species (Aronia, Fragaria, Cydonia, Cerasus, Malus, Pyrus, Rubus, Sorbus), and many decorative species as well. In Romania the damaging agent was spotted first in 1991 (Amzăr et al., 2003). The pathogen overwinters in diseased shoots and surrounding bark plagues, during the vegetation period the bacteria are spread on host plants by bees, insects, birds, winds, rains water and human interventions (Biggs and Steiner, 2000). The symptoms can develop in an exponential manner, secondary infection symptoms can be worse than those in the primary infections. In the susceptible cultivars the amount of fire blight disease depends on: the number and distribution of sources from which inoculum is available; the genetic susceptibility of scion and rootstock cultivars; the rate at which new infections occur. Direct connection is between the primary sources for fire blight, the amount of disease in the previous year and the phytosanitary procedures applied in the previous year and the actual year (Biggs et al., 2008). In order to restrain and control the disease spread and damages intensive researches are carried out in many fruit growing countries like: USA, Canada, Australia, New Zeeland, UK, Germany, Italy, Belarus and Romania in the fields of pathogen biology and epidemiology, early detection and risk assessment methods, monitoring of pathogen propagation into the ecosystems, agronomical LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 171 methods to reduce the varieties susceptibilities, use of adequate plant protection products, define behavior on the pathogen attack and breeding of tolerant or tolerant varieties. This work aim was to assess the infection risks and early warning possibilities for the fire blight infections, under specific climatic conditions, using modern computer software Specware Pro 9, to assess the behavior of some new released and introduced apple varieties and to establish their susceptibility to natural infections occurred on active growing lateral shoots, in the latest years. MATERIAL AND METHOD The researches were conducted during 2016-2017, at Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti Romania. The weather data were collected using the WatchDog Spectrum Technologies Inc. semi-automate weather station and were stored, processed and analyzed using the facilities of the MS Office Excel 2010 and with SpecWare Pro 9.0 software facilities for early warning. The studied biological material consisted in 42 apple varieties recently released or introduced in our Country, grafted on six different low vigor vegetative rootstocks, grown in an remote and isolated high density intensive orchard, with over 3000 trees/ha, trained as slender spindles and supplied with water and nutrients by fert-irrigation. The experimental device, was located on a plane terrain situated on the second terrace of the Argeş River, on a low to medium fertile illuvial-clay soil unit (over 30% clay; humus less than 1.7%; nitrogen index 0.33-1.43; PAL 1.3-2.5 mg/100g), but well supplied with potassium up to 40 mg /100g). Soil reaction is slightly acid (pH 5.8-6.8). The orchard floor was covered with grass between the trees rows and cleared with total herbicides on stripes of 1.0-1.2 m wide, along the trees rows. The fireblight infection risk was assessed using Cougar scale (where ‘0’=very low infection risk; ‘4’=very high infection risk), and the apple varieties behavior during the vegetation seasons was assessed using the Van der Zweet et al., 1979, scale (where ‘1’=healthy tree; ‘9’=dead tree). The new apple varieties were characterized using both pomological descriptors and IPBGR descriptors for apple. RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS On highly sensitive apple varieties, the malady can affect all the vegetative and generative organs of the apple trees, the inoculum surviving in diseased bark cankers.  The most vulnerable periods to the pathogen infections are the blooming time and the vegetative shoots elongation. The most sensitive organs are the flower clusters, on which, the infections may become visible after 5-6 up to 30 days with higher temperatures (103 degrees over the 12.7ºC treshold). After the flowers clusters, the young vegetative shoots are the most sensitive. According Steiner, 2000, the carbohidrates reserves accumulated in the seccond part of June favorises the pathogen attack. The infections occurs, develops and became vizible very quick, less than 167 days with temperatures higher than 13.0 ºC and ooze droplets might be seen.  LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 172  Fig. 1 Fireblight infections risk Pitesti-Maracineni, Romania, 2016    Fig. 2 Fireblight infections risk Pitesti-Maracineni, Romania 2017    Assessment of the figures 1 and 2 reveals that according to the forecast model, the infection risk with fireblight on apples was high and very high.  So, between May and October 2016, the epiphytic infection potential (EIP) was 200-300 and between May and October 2017 was 250-450. Evaluation of Cougar infection risk shows that between May and October 2016, and between June and October 2017 the indicator was 2.0-3.0 (high and very high risk of infection). Terefore special prunings and preventive treatments with plant protection products including copper hydroxide and fosetil-aluminium, to keep them in good phytosanitary status.  LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 173 Table 1 Behavior of some apples varieties on fireblight Erwinia amylovora Burill Winslow attack on shoots Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti Romania 2016-2017  No Variety and rootstock Origin Age Van der Zweet scale [1-9] Disease severity [%] Disease incidence [%] Damages degree [%] 1 Aura / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 2 Auriu de Bistrita / M9 ROM 12 7 5.0 9.0 45.00 3 Bistritean / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 4 Ciprian / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 5 Florina / M9 ROM 12 2 1.0 2.0 2.00 6 Goldprim / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 7 Initial / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 8 Jonaprim / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 9 Rebra / M9 ROM 12 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 10 Redix / M106 ROM 12 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 11 Romus 3 / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 12 Romus 4 / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 13 Romus 5 / M9 ROM 10 3 3.0 2.0 6.00 14 Rustic / M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 15 Starkprim/M9 ROM 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 16 Dalinbel / EMLA FRA 8 3 2.0 5.0 10.00 17 Dalinco / EMLA FRA 8 7 9.0 5.0 45.00 18 Dalinred / EMLA FRA 8 6 8.0 5.0 40.00 19 Dalinred / PI 80 FRA 8 5 6.0 5.0 30.00 20 Dalinred / T337 FRA 8 6 0.0 5.0 0.00 21 Ariane / M9 GER 12 1 2.0 0.0 0.00 22 Ariwa / T337 GER 12 2 0.0 2.0 0.00 23 Pinova / M9 GER 12 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 24 Red Jonaprince / M9 NL 12 4 3.0 5.0 15.00 25 Topaz / M9 CEH 12 6 5.0 7.0 35.00 26 Golden Lassa / T337 ITA 12 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 27 Golden Orange / T337 ITA 12 3 2.0 3.0 6.00 28 Fuji Kiku Clone 8 / M9 JPN 12 4 5.0 3.0 15.00 LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 174 29 Enterprise / M9 USA 12 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 30 Crimson Crisp / Pajam 1 USA 8 4 3.0 5.0 15.00 31 Crimson Crisp / PI 80 USA 8 5 5.0 4.0 20.00 32 Golden Delicious / M9 USA 12 3 2.0 5.0 10.00 33 Goldrush / Pajam USA 8 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 34 Goldrush / PI 80 USA 8 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 35 Goldrush / EMLA USA 8 3 2.0 5.0 10.00 36 Idared / M9 USA 12 3 5.0 4.0 20.00 37 Jonatan / M9 USA 12 3 2.0 5.0 10.00 38 Nured Jonathan / M9 USA 12 2 5.0 1.0 5.00 39 Prima / M9 USA 12 1 0.0 0.0 0.00 40 Braeburn / M9 NZ 12 2 2.0 5.0 10.00 41 Hillwell / M9 NZ 10 2 3.0 3.0 9.00 42 Falstaff / M9 UK 10 1 0.0 0.0 0.00     AVG  2.5 1.90 2.26 8.52   Indicators STDEV  1.8773 2.4376 2.5285 12.9544     VAR  75.0934 127.9744 111.7849 151.9790  Evaluation of the table 1 brings new data on the behavior 42 apple cultivars on the lateral shoots to the fireblight attack during the study period 2016-2017. The Romanian apple varieties displayed a good behavior to the pathogen attack on lateral shoots, only four of them (28.57%) being affected. The most damaged variety was Auriu de Bistrita / M9 with an average damage degree DD%=45.0, followed by Romus 5 with DD%=6.0. During the two years of study sever affected were the French apple varieties Dalinco /EMLA and Dalinred / EMLA and Dalinred /PI 80, with the average damage degree DD%=45.0, 40.0 and respectively 30.0 followed by Czech variety Topaz / M9 with DD%=35.0. Under the given conditions, the American eleven apple varieties had a good behavior to the pathogen attack, only two of them (18.18%) were affected Crimson Crisp / PI 80 and Idared / M9 with an average damage degree DD%=20.0. Among the German and Dutch varieties, the most affected was Red Jonaprince / M9 variety with the average damage degree DD%=15.0. The same behavior had the Japanese variety Fuji Kiku Clone 8, with an average damage degree DD%=15.0 (fig.3, fig.4). LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 175  Fig. 3 Apple trees shoots attacked by fireblight Erwinia amylovora Burill. Winslow  Fig. 4 Fruits from well trained and healthy apple trees tolerant on Erwinia amylovora Burill. Winslow CONCLUSIONS 1. The most vulnerable periods to the fireblight - Erwinia amylovora Burill Winslow infections are the blooming time and the young vegetative shoots elongation. 2. The facilities of the WatchDog semi-automate weather station and the dedicate software Specware Pro 9.0 are very useful tools for monitoring the risk with fireblight infections, early warning and precise positioning of the preventive phytosanitary treatments. 3. The biological material assessment under the orchard condition is very important for complete evaluation of the varieties, prior their extension into intensive fruit production system. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 176 4. Under the given natural and technological conditions, the most sensitive apple varieties to fireblight attack were: Auriu de Bistrita (ROM), Dalinco and Dalinred (FRA), Topaz (CEH), Crimson Crisp and Idared (USA), Red Jonaprince (NL), Fuji Kiku Clone 8 (JPN). Therefore, during the risk periods they needed special prunings and preventive treatments with plant protection products including copper hydroxide and phosetil-aluninium, to keep them in good phytosanitary status. 5. In order to better manage the fireblight attack, breeding o new tolerant or resistant apple varieties is always actual and a constant request.  Aknowledgements: This research was possible with the support of the Agriculture Ministry, Research Program ADER and Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti Romania. REFERENCES 1. Amzăr Valentina, Ivascu Antonia, 2003 - Ghid de identificare al principalelor boli şi dăunători la speciile pomicole, Editura MEDRO, Bucureşti, 200p., ISBN 973-8487-02-1 2. Braniste N., Amzar V., 2000 - Cultura mărului, Editura Geea, ISBN973-99540-5-7, 92p 3. Babadoost M., 2005 - Fireblight of apples, University of Illinois, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, RPD n. 801, 8pp 4. Biggs A.R., Turechek W.W., Gottwald T.R., 2008 - Analysis of fire blight shoot infection epidemics on four apple cultivars. Plant Diseases, 92:1349-1356 5. Hartman J., Hershman D., 2002 - Fire Blight, University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Pathology Department, Extension, PP Information Note 34 (PPA 034); 6. Ritchie D.F., Sutton T.B., 2002 - Fire Blight of Apple and Pear, North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Pathology Department, Extension, Fruit Disease Information Note 3 (FDIN 003); 7. Tomşa M., Tomşa Elena, 2003 - Protecţia integrată a pomilor şi arbuştilor fructiferi la început de Mileniu, Editura Geea, Bucureşti, 162 p., ISBN 973-85232-9-X; 8. Van der Zwet T., Keil L. H., 1979 - Fire blight. A bacterial disease of Rosaceus plants, USDA, ARS Beltsville MD, Agriculture Handboock N. 510, Washington, DC, 001-000-03724-2; 9. ***SpecWare 9 User Guide (Pro & Basic) - Product manual, SpecWare Software © 1997-2012 Spectrum Technologies, Inc., IL, USA, 52 pp.;  10. ***SpecWare 8 Quick Start Guide - Product manual, SpecWare Software © 1997-2012 Spectrum Technologies, Inc., IL, USA, 12pp.; 

Comportarea unor soiuri noi de măr la atacul focului bacterian

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Comportarea unor soiuri noi de măr la atacul focului bacterian

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