At the Copou -Iasi viticulture center, in recent years we witnessed a decrease in the multi -annual average rainfall regime, this being of 579.6 mm and  of  398.1  mm  (1981-2010)  during  the  vegetation  period.  Between  1992 -2014,  the  driest  years  were  2000,  2007,  2009  and  2012.  Drought  conditions were  also  in  2015  and  2016,  having  different  characteristics.  In  2015,  there were  few  precipitations  accompanied  by  high  temperatures,  often  above  30°C. The  amounts  of  rainfall  recorded  in  2016 were  very  unevenly  distributed,  thus there  were  recorded  months  with  very  low  quantities,  well  below  the  normal values  and  months  when  quantities  were  higher  than  the  normal  values.  Low rainfall  and  high  temperatures  have  led  to  a  sharp  decline  in  accessible  soil moisture  values,  well  below  optimal  humidity  levels  for  the  vine,  and  to increased deficit

Alexandru, L. C.

Damian, Doina

Nechita, Ancuta

Zaldea, Gabi

Nechita, Ancuța

Alexandru, Lulu-Cătălin

ALSE Repository

LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 197 DYNAMICS OF SOIL MOISTURE IN VINEYARDS UNDER WATER AND THERMAL STRESS CONDITIONS  DINAMICA UMIDITĂŢII SOLULUI ÎN PLANTAŢIILE VITICOLE ÎN CONDIŢII DE STRES HIDRIC ŞI TERMIC  ZALDEA Gabi1, NECHITA Ancuţa1, DAMIAN Doina1,  ALEXANDRU L. C.1 e-mail: gabizaldea@yahoo.com  Abstract. At the Copou - Iasi viticulture center, in recent years we witnessed a decrease in the multi - annual average rainfall regime, this being of 579.6 mm and of 398.1 mm (1981-2010) during the vegetation period. Between 1992 - 2014, the driest years were 2000, 2007, 2009 and 2012. Drought conditions were also in 2015 and 2016, having different characteristics. In 2015, there were few precipitations accompanied by high temperatures, often above 30°C. The amounts of rainfall recorded in 2016 were very unevenly distributed, thus there were recorded months with very low quantities, well below the normal values and months when quantities were higher than the normal values. Low rainfall and high temperatures have led to a sharp decline in accessible soil moisture values, well below optimal humidity levels for the vine, and to increased deficit. Key words: temperatures, low rainfall, soil moisture, vineyard   Rezumat. În centrul viticol Copou - Iaşi, în ultimii ani, asistăm la o scădere a regimului de precipitaţii media multianuală fiind de 579,6 mm, iar în perioada de vegetaţie de 398,1 mm (1981-2010). În perioada 1992 - 2014, cei mai secetoşi ani au fost 2000, 2007, 2009 şi 2012. Condiţii de secetă au fost şi în ani 2015 şi 2016, cu caracteristici diferite. În 2015 au fost precipitaţii puţine coroborate cu temperaturi ridicate, frecvent peste 30°C. Cantităţile de precipitaţii înregistrate în anul 2016 au fost foarte neuniform repartizate, astfel au fost luni în care s-au înregistrat cantităţi foarte mici, cu mult sub valorile normale şi luni în care s-au înregistrat cantităţi mai mari decât cele normale. Cantităţile mici de precipitaţii, şi temperaturile mari înregistrate au dus la scăderea accentuată a valorilor umidităţii accesibile din sol, cu mult sub valorile optime de umiditate ale viţei de vie şi creşterea deficitului. Cuvinte cheie: temperaturi, precipitaţii scăzute, umiditate sol, plantaţii viticole INTRODUCTION The vine is a great water-consuming, and if in some dry years suffer less than annual plants, this is due to the fact that it has a deep root system that explores a large volume of soil in the deep layers, where there is a large reservoir of water. In the long periods of drought of 2-3 years, when the water reserve in                                                  1Viticulture and Oenology Research and Development Station in Iasi, Romania LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 198 the deep layers of soil decreases, the vine suffers the same as the annual plants (Alexandrescu et al., 1998).  The optimum soil moisture content for vineyards is between 50-80% of the useful soil water capacity (UWC), with higher values being favorable for the growth of smaller shoots and for grain maturation (Moţoc, 1968). In the dry years, high temperature values in conjunction with soil deficiency have led to the accentuation of atmospheric and pedological drought with adverse effects on the vegetation status of the vines by overcoming the phenophases of growth and fructification, wart hunting, prematurely yellowing of the leaves, the grapes remained small with small and wilted berries and decreasing the available moisture from the soil to the depths deep at 100-150 cm deep (Zaldea et al., 2013; Enache et al., 2016). Drought affects primarily young vines (1st and 2nd year), aging, less vigorous vines and those with large eye loads left to cut. The stems and cords are dehydrated, deep longitudinal cracks appear, causing the vines to dry. MATERIAL AND METHOD For the analysis of rainfall and temperatures were used the data recorded by automatic station Agroexpert of Research and Development Station for Viticulture and Vinification Iaşi and from Moldova Regional Meteorological Center. To determine soil moisture, the samples were taken in layers from 10 to 10 cm up to 150 cm depth for each month during the growing season. Results were expressed first in percentage compared to dry soil weight, then  into percent by volume. With hydrophysical indices values were calculated the accessible moisture existing in soil at a time (Uacc) expressed in mm and the deficit in mc/ha and %. To establish the insurance degree with available water supply for plants was reported the momentary humidity (Uacc) to useful water capacity (AUC), previously calculated for Iaşi Copou viticultural center RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Drought periods of 2-3 years are those with serious consequences for vineyards, because the disastrous effects of the drought are recorded in the second or third year of the drought, and the restoration of plantations lasts for another two to three years, which means that over a period of about six years no grape production can be obtained to cover the expenses incurred. Such a situation has been recorded over the last three years, each year with different characteristics. The year 2015 was characterized as excessively dry with a warmer spring than normal, with few and uneven rainfall distributed and a very dry summer, with few precipitations combined with very high temperatures, often above 30°C. Almost all months were recorded smaller amounts of precipitation than normal. Thus, during the vegetation period, only 180.6 mm was accumulated, well below the multiannual average, which is 398.1 mm in the Copou Iasi wine center, representing only 45% of the necessary, and the annual rainfall was 365,5 mm compared to 579.5 mm (tab. 1). The statistics show that between 1972 and 2014, only in one year was recorded a quantity of less than 200 mm, namely in 1973 by 156.3 mm. It is also LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 199 noteworthy that even in the months of the vegetative repose period very few precipitations were recorded, for example in December it was only 1.6 mm compared to the normal month of 31.0 mm being the most drought December for the last 40 years. A similar amount of precipitation was recorded in December 1989, namely 1.8 mm. Table1 The pluviometric regime in the period 2015-2016 Month Multiannual values Raifalls 2015 (mm)  Raifalls 2016 (mm)  2015 >0.1 >5 >10 2016 >0.1 >5 >10 I 26.7 14.7 10 - - 16.0 13 - - II 24.9 23.2 8 - 1 25.0 10 1 - III 29.2 66.4 10 2 2 31.8 6 1 1 IV 46.6 31.6 9 1 1 77.6 4 1 2 V 61.4 13.8 7 - - 90.2 8 3 3 VI 82.5 46.8 4 3 2 107.0 4 3 4 VII 83.8 40.8 7 1 1 15.4 3 2 - VIII 62.7 28.0 - - 2 31.4 4 2 1 IX 61.1 19.6 7 1 - 12.2 5 1 - X 38.9 54.4 3 1 2 182.8 12 - 6 XI 30.8 24.6 9 1 - 50.2 5 2 2 XII 31.0 1.6 5 - - 7.2 6 - - Annual 579.5 365.5 79 10 11 646.8 80 16 19 Vegetation 398.1 180.6 34 6 6 333.8 28 12 10  Low rainfall, as well as high temperatures, have led to a sharp decline in soil moisture (9 to 30%), well below optimal moisture levels (50 - 80%) and increased deficit (fig. 1).   Fig.1 Grade of water available in the soil during the vegetation period of 2015 LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 200 At the end of August, water deficit in the soil, up to a depth of 100 cm, ranged between 70-91% (tab. 2). Table 2 Water deficit of soil during vegetation period of 2015 Depth, cm Month IV V VI VII VIII IX m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % 0 – 20 221 47 319 67 318 67 412 87 434 91 163 34 20 – 50 257 35 398 54 382 52 554 75 556 75 486 66 50 - 100 78 7 265 25 471 44 675 63 746 70 768 72 100 - 150 - - - - 124 19 181 28 237 37 296 46  The rainfall amounts recorded in 2016 were very unevenly distributed, so months were very small, well below normal values, such as January, July, August, September, December, and months when - they recorded higher quantities than normal, such as April, May, June, October and November. The annual rainfall regime was greater than normal, 646.8 mm versus 579.5 mm, but during the vegetation period (April to September) it was only 333.8 mm from the normal of 398.1 mm in the Copou Iasi wine center. These conditions led to the year being characterized as a little more dry. As a result of the small rainfall from July to September and the high temperatures there was a sharp decrease of the soil humidity values, well below the optimum moisture values of the vine and the increase of the deficit, with a negative influence on the growth and maturation of the grapes (fig. 2, tab. 3).   Fig. 2 Grade of water available in the soil during the vegetation period of 2016  LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 201 At the end of September, the available humidity values, in the first layer 0-20 cm, were below the wilting coefficient, and from 20 to 150 cm deep they were well below the optimum values for the vine. Soil water deficiency ranged from 58 - 78% (tab. 3).  Table 3 Water deficit of soil during vegetation period of 2016 Depth, cm Month IV V VI VII VIII IX m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % 0 – 20 174 37 158 33 341 72 433 91 408 86 432 91 20 – 50 258 35 82 11 358 48 680 92 619 84 548 74 50 - 100 41 4 47 4 432 40 795 74 758 71 832 78 100 - 150 62 10 - - 97 15 365 57 341 53 377 58  Year 2017, is the third consecutive year of drought, with precipitation below normal and high temperatures, often above 30°C. The precipitation deficit was recorded in the winter months: January (18.1 mm compared to 26.7) and February (22.7 mm compared to 24.9 mm) and in the months of the vegetation period: May (47.8 mm compared to 61.4 mm), June (49.0 mm compared to 82.5 mm), July (67.6 mm compared to 83.8 mm), August (24.0 mm compared to 62.7 mm ) and September (26.6 mm compared to 61.1 mm). Small rainfall and high temperatures have led to a sharp decline in available soil moisture across the soil depth (0 - 150 cm), from one month to the next, reaching the end of the vegetation period at values ranging from 8 and 45% (fig. 3). In these conditions, the deficit of water in the soil showed values between 55 and 92% (tab. 4).   Fig. 3 Grade of water available in the soil during the vegetation period of 2017 LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 60 (2) / 2017, USAMV IAŞI 202   Table 4 Water deficit of soil during vegetation period of 2017 Depth cm Month IV V VI VII VIII IX m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % m3/ha % 0 – 20 179 38 324 68 289 61 333 70 395 83 440 92 20 – 50 217 29 297 40 409 55 486 66 504 68 567 77 50 - 100 194 18 224 21 484 45 725 68 687 64 830 77 100 - 150 - - - - 116 18 186 29 293 45 356 55 CONCLUSIONS 1. Drought can be a destructive phenomenon for vineyards when there is a rainfall in the autumn and winter of the previous year, and the quantities recorded in the spring fail to restore the water reserve from the deep layers of soil from which vine vines are fed. Periods of 2-3 consecutive years with precipitation deficiency have the most serious consequences, with disastrous effects occurring, especially in the second or third year of drought. 2. From the recorded data, in recent years there is an increase in the frequency of the drought phenomenon, which greatly affects the vineyards. In these conditions, it is increasingly necessary to create Vinifera varieties and drought resistant rootstocks, as well as to generalize and extend the irrigation system at national level.  Acknowledgments: The paper was developed in the project within the Sectoral Plan, ADER 3.3.8 “Adaptation of vine cultivation technologies to the ecological system by maximizing the use of biotic and abiotic resources of the viticultural ecosystem in order to preserve its biodiversity” REFERENCES 1. Alexandrescu I., Piţuc P., Băbuşanu V., Chivu D., 1998 – Viticultura practică sezonieră. Editura Danaster, Iaşi. 2. Enache Viorica, Tăbăranu G., 2016 - Assessing of the termic and hydric risk in Dealul Bujorului vineyard under likely climate change. Lucrări Ştiinţifice Seria Horticultură Vol. 59, no.1., U.S.A.M.V. Iaşi. Editura “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” ISSN 1454-7376, p. 121 - 126.  3. Moţoc M., 1968 – Estimarea deficitului de umiditate a solului în plantaţiile viticole. Centrul de documentare agricolă Bucureşti. 4. Zaldea Gabi, Măntăluţă Alina, Damian Doina, Savin C., Alexandru C., 2013 - The hidric and thermic stress in the agricultural year 2011-2012 and this influence on SCDVV-Iasi vineyards. Lucrări Ştiinţifice Seria Horticultură Vol. 56, no.1., U.S.A.M.V. Iaşi. Editura “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” ISSN 1454-7376, p. 319 - 324.  

Dinamica umidităţii solului în plantaţiile viticole în condiţii de stres hidric şi termic

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Dinamica umidităţii solului în plantaţiile viticole în condiţii de stres hidric şi termic

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