A test of the acceleration of multiple charge-state uranium beams was
performed at the ATLAS accelerator. A 238U+26 beam was accelerated in the ATLAS
PII linac to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) and stripped in a carbon foil located 0.5 m
from the entrance of the ATLAS Booster section. A 58Ni9+ 'guide' beam from the
tandem injector was used to tune the Booster for 238U+38. All charge states
from the stripping were injected into the booster and accelerated. Up to 94% of
the beam was accelerated through the Booster linac, with losses mostly in the
lower charge states. The measured beam properties of each charge state and a
comparison to numerical simulations are reported in this paper.Comment: LINAC2000, MOD0

Nolen, J. A.

Ostroumov, P. N.

Pardo, R. C.

Shepard, K. W.

Zinkann, G. P.

English

arXiv

UNT Digital Library

..MULTIPLE CHARGE STATE BEAM ACCELERATION AT ATLASP.N. Ostroumov, R.C. Pardo, G.P. Zinkann, K.W. Shepard, J.A. Nolen, Physics Division, ANL,9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL60439, USAAbstractA test of the acceleration of multiple charge-stateuranium beams was performed at the ATLASaccelerator. A ‘*V” beam was accelerated in theATLAS PII linac to 286 MeV (-1.2 MeV/u) and strippedin a carbon foil located 0.5 m from the entrance of theATLAS Booster section. A “Ni* ‘guide’ beam from thetandem injector was used to tune the Booster for 2mV3n.All charge states from the stripping were injected intothe booster and accelerated. Up to 94% of the beam wasaccelerated through the Booster Iinac, with losses mostlyin the lower charge states. The measured beamproperties of each charge state and a comparison tonumerical simulations are reported in this paper.1 INTRODUCTIONSlmuhaneous acceleration of multiple charge-statebeams has been proposed as a method of substantiallyincreasing the available beam current for the heaviestions from a RIA (Rare Isotope Accelerator) driver linac[1]. Although there have been a few experimentsdemonstrating the feasibility of such a concepc there ispresently no facility where multiple charge-state beamacceleration is used to increase the beam current.‘l%erefore, in order to demonstrate the concept, we haveaccelerated a multiple charge-state uranium beam in theexisting ATLAS heavy-ion linac, and performed carefulmeasurements of the accelerated beam parameters forcomparison with the results of numerical simulations.The acceleration of multiple charge-state uraniumbeams has been observed at the ATLAS ‘booster’ as partof the ‘normal’ uranium beam conilguration. However,the multiple charge states have been consideredparasitic. Therefore systematic studies of all theaccelerated charge states were not performed andaccelerator parameters were not chosen to optimize theacceleration of the other charge states.In this test, a ‘81J’6 beam was accelerated to 286 MeV(-1.2 MeV/u) and stripped. The mixture of charge statesnear qO=38 was then simultaneously accelerated in theATLAS ‘Booster’ linac. The parameters of each selectedcharge state were carefully measured.2 BEAM DYNAMICS SIMULATIONSFor a better understanding of the beam test results, amultiple charge-state beam dynamics simulation in theBooster was performed with the modified LANA code[2]. At the position of the stripping target, input beam .,parameters were assumed to be the same for all chargestates. The beam longitudinal and transverse emittanceswere taken to be equal to %=2 mkeV/unset and wO.25mmmmrad. The ray-tracing code incorporated actualresonator field profiles and field levels of thesuperconducting cavities. The synchronous. phase for“n8W3*was set to -30°. Fig. 1 and 2 show the calculatedlongitudinal phase space at the booster exit and thetransverse beam envelopes along the booster..35+.36+37+.3s+* .39+$- .4ot~ .~.42+.43+II I .3 J I IPIms% (kgFigure 1: Longitudinal phase space plots of theaccelerated multiple charge-state uranium km exitingthe booster.!25.1.E:0.75.8‘j os-025-0-Z!!!!!!+----+=0 404 W311 1200 mmDkLmce, c.Figure 2 Transverse envelopes of the multiple charge-state uranium beam along the booster.As is seen one can expect acceleration of most chargestates produced after the stripping foil. The simulation ofthe transverse motion does not include the misalignmenterro~, and therefore the total effective emittance growthis negligible.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTThe “UX beam from the ATLAS ECR-H ion sourcewas accelerated to 286 MeV (-1.2 MeV/u) in theDISCLAIMERThis repo~ was prepared as an account of work sponsoredby an agency of the United States Government. Neitherthe United States Government nor any agency thereof, norany of their employees, make any warranty, express orimplied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility forthe accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of anyinformation, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, orrepresents that its use would not infringe privateiy ownedrights. Reference herein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or service by trade name, trademark,manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constituteor imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring bythe United States Government or any agency thereof. Theviews and opinions of authors expressed herein do notnecessarily state or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agency thereof.DISCLAIMERPortions of this document may be illegiblein electronic image products. Images areproduced from the best available originaldocument...Injector Linac, and stripped in a 75 pglcm’ carbon foil0.5 m before the ‘Booster’ linac as shown in Fig. 3. Thebarn energy was carefully measured by a resonant time-of-flight (TOF’) system [3]. The ATLAS Booster wastuned using a “’N1+9‘guide’ beam from the ATLAStandem injector whose velocity was matched to that ofthe stripped “W” and which has a similar charge-to-mass ratio. The synchronous phase for “’~” waschosen to be –30°. Therefore the synchronous phase q)Grequired for the guide beam is given by[58.381—Cos( –30° ) = -27° .‘c = - amcos 9.238The synchronous phase in all 24 cavities of the booster isset by an auto-scan procedure using a silicon detector forbeam energy measurements. Tuning of the focusingfields to get’ 100% transmission was accomplished withthe guide beam prior to switching to the uranium mixedFigure 3: Layout of ATLAS Iinac.After optimizing the Booster linac and 400-bend tunewith the ‘Ni@ guide beam, the stripped uranium beamwas injected into the Booster. Magnet slits were used tocleanly select only the 38+ beam after the bendingmagnets and the uranium injection phase was matched tothe guide beam’s phase empirically based on maximumtransmission through the system. Further tuning of thebunching system and last PII resonator made smalladjustments to the uranium beam energy to better matchthe guide beam’s velocity. After this tuning process, a91% transmission of the multiple charge-state uraniumbeam was achieved. The transmission improved to 94%when a 10 mm aperture was inserted upstream of thestripping target. Fig. 4 compares the intensitydistribution of the mixture of multiple charge-stateuranium beams accelerated in the booster to themeasured stripping distribution for the unaccelerateduranium. The difference in the distributions is causedmainly by poorer transmission of lower charge statesthrough the booster. Also, some discrepancy can beexpected due to slightly different tuning of unacceleratedand accelerated beams and collimator slits in the 40°bend region.The individual charge states then were amlysed in the40° bend region and sent to the ATLAS beamdiagnostics area (see Fig. 3). The parameters of eachselected chargeParticularly themeasured:● Transverseorientationquadruplestate were c;efully measured.following beam parameters wereemittance (the value and ellipsein phase space) by the help oftriplet gradient variation [4] and awire scanner located 3.1 m apart.. Beam average energy using the ATLAS TOFenergy measurement system.● Beam energy spread with the silicon detectormeasuring the bunch time width after a long driftspace to the ATLAS diagnostics area.35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44chargestate.Figure 4: Comparison of intensity distributions foraccelerated and unaccelerated multiple charge uraniumbeams.Finally, the multi-charged uraNum beam was strippedfor the second time at the exit of the Booster and “~”was selected. The same beam parameters measurementswere performed and the beam was further accelerated inthe last section of ATLAS. Certainly, the use of multi-charged uranium beam on the second stripper increasedthe intensity of double-stripped 23’lT”beam. The double-stripped ‘*US’ was accelerated up to 1400 MeV and usedfor a scheduled experiment at ATLAS.Basic results of these beam measurements are shownin Fig. 5-8. Fig. 5 presents transverse beam profiles atthe exit of the booster. The multiple charge-stateuranium beam has a larger size compared to the guidebeam. As was shown in ref. [1] misalignments of thefocusing elements and effective emittance growth of amulti-charged beam compared to a single charge-statebeam are the main source of the larger beam size. Sucherrors must be minimized in machines designed for theV-planei I I : b~eH-plane:vFigure 5: Transverse profiles at the exit of the boosterfor guide beam (left) and multi-Q uranium beam (right)...Table 1: Twiss parameters of single charge statebeams at the exit of ATLAS for the vertical planeUranium a, ~,, %.,tiIti?charge state rnrn/mrad ~.mmmwad36+ 0.72 12.66 0.9437+ 0.48 8.08 1.2438+ 0.06 10.17 1.1139+ 0.45 7.60 1.340.54 9.22 1.0341+ -0.18 9.20 0.8951+ 0.60 9.00 2.69utilization of multi-charge beams. The results ofindividual transverse emittance measurements arepresented in Table 1 and Fig. 6. The horizontalemittance is less than the vertie~’ due to the chargeselection by the slits downstream of the bending magnet.Therefore only emittances in the vertical plane areshown. The double-stripped uranium beam “U”contains all information about the effective emittance ofmuhi-charged beam output of the Booster. The effectiveemittance increases by a factor of 2 due to themisalignment errors of the solenoids in the Booster.Average energy and the FWHM energy spread ofindividual charge states are shown in Fig. 7. For thesimulation of energy spread the input longitudinalemittance ~=2mkeV/umsec was assumed. The graphsshow consistent behaviour of the energy spread as afunction of charge state. There is some discrepancy withthe average energy for the remote charge state which is,probably, caused by the longitudinal tuning errors of theSRF cavities. Certainly such tuning in high intensitymachines should be done with high precisiom but forroutine operation of ATLAS it is not required. Even withthese tuning errors, the average energy spread for threeneighboring charge states 37-39, similar to the situationproposed for the RIA driver Iinac, is only 0.7%.x’, mad40-4 +’36-37-38-39-40-51background events are mostly due to detector systembackground. The energy spectra at FWHM obtainedfrom these measurements are 0.4% for charge state 38+and 1.3% for charge state 51+. So, the second strippingof the multi-charged beam produced a 3 times largerenergy spread.7101B+ SI Detector. TOF-Simulation680 ~ 0.0~35 37 39 41 35 37 39 41.—Chargestate ‘“ChargeseateFigure 7: Beam energy (left) and the FWHM energyspread (right) of individual charge states.ADC ChannelFigure 8: Bunch time width for a single charge state W3’beam (left) and a double-stripped “*W” beam (right).CONCLUSIONThe results of this test are consistent with thesimulation and show that multi-charged beamacceleration can substantially increase the intensity ofheavy-ion beams. A medium-energy high-powermachine, such as the RIA driver linac, can be designedto utilize muhi-Q beams if unwanted charge states aftereach stripping target are cleaned by a correspondingmagnetic system. In Iow-intensit y, low-energy linacs,such as ATLAS, the double-stripped heavy-ion beam canbe used to obtain higher beam energy while providingmore intensity than with single charge-state acceleration.Work supported by the U. S. Department of Energyunder contract W-3 1-109-ENG-38-3 x,cm 3Figure 6 Vertical phase space ellipses of single charge-state beams. The black ellipse corresponds to double-stripped Uj’+.Fig. 8 presents bunch time width measurements ofbeams transported to the ATLAS diagnostic area. Theleft spectrum corresponds to charge state 38+ (before thesecond stripping) and the right spectrum belongs todouble-stripped uranium beam Y-T”. The low intensityREFERENCES[1] P.N. Ostroumov and K.W. Shepar~ “Multiple-charge Beam Dynamics in an Ion Linac”, Phys.Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3,030101 (2000).[2] D.V. Gorelov and P.N. Ostroumov, Proc. of the FifthEur. Part. Accel. Conf., p. 1271. Sitges, Spain, June10-14, 1996.[3] R. Pardo, et al, Nucl. Inst. Meth. ~ 226 (1988)[4] P.N. Ostroumov, et al, Proc. of the Third Eur. Part.Accel. Conf., p. 1109. Berlin, March 24-28, 1992.*●The submitted manuscript has been createdby the University of Chicago as Operator ofArgonne National Laboratory (“Araonne’)under Contract No. W-31 -106-ENG:38 withthe U.S. Department of Energy. The U.S. ‘Government retains for itself, and others act-ing on its behalf, a paid-up, nonexclusive,irrevocable worldwide license in said articleto reproduce, prepare derivative works; dis- ~tribute copies to the public, and perform pub- ,Iicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of Ithe Government..1

Multiple charge state beam acceleration at ATLAS.

A test of the acceleration of multiple charge-state uranium beams was performed at the ATLAS accelerator. A 238U+26 beam was accelerated in the ATLAS PII linac to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) and stripped in a carbon foil located 0.5 m from the entrance of the ATLAS Booster section. A 58Ni9+ 'guide' beam from the tandem injector was used to tune the Booster for 238U+38. All charge states from the stripping were injected into the booster and accelerated. Up to 94% of the beam was accelerated through the Booster linac, with losses mostly in the lower charge states. The measured beam properties of each charge state and a comparison to numerical simulations are reported in this paper.A test of the acceleration of multiple charge-state uranium beams was performed at the ATLAS accelerator. A 238U+26 beam was accelerated in the ATLAS PII linac to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) and stripped in a carbon foil located 0.5 m from the entrance of the ATLAS Booster section. A 58Ni9+ 'guide' beam from the tandem injector was used to tune the Booster for 238U+38. All charge states from the stripping were injected into the booster and accelerated. Up to 94% of the beam was accelerated through the Booster linac, with losses mostly in the lower charge states. The measured beam properties of each charge state and a comparison to numerical simulations are reported in this paper

Ostroumov, P.N.

Pardo, R.C.

Zinkann, G.P.

Shepard, K.W.

Nolen, J.A.

CERN Document Server

arXiv:physics/0008185   19 Aug 2000MULTIPLE CHARGE STATE BEAM ACCELERATION AT ATLAS  P.N. Ostroumov, R.C. Pardo, G.P. Zinkann, K.W. Shepard, J.A. Nolen, Physics Division, ANL, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL60439, USA  Abstract A test of the acceleration of multiple charge-state uranium beams was performed at the ATLAS accelerator. A 238U+26 beam was accelerated in the ATLAS PII linac to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) and stripped in a carbon foil located 0.5 m from the entrance of the ATLAS Booster section. A 58Ni9+ 'guide' beam from the tandem injector was used to tune the Booster for 238U+38. All charge states from the stripping were injected into the booster and accelerated. Up to 94% of the beam was accelerated through the Booster linac, with losses mostly in the lower charge states.  The measured beam properties of each charge state and a comparison to numerical simulations are reported in this paper.  1 INTRODUCTION Simultaneous acceleration of multiple charge-state beams has been proposed as a method of substantially increasing the available beam current for the heaviest ions from a RIA (Rare Isotope Accelerator) driver linac [1]. There is presently no facility where multiple charge-state beam acceleration is used to increase the beam current. Therefore, in order to demonstrate the concept, we have accelerated a multiple charge-state uranium beam in the existing ATLAS heavy-ion linac, and performed careful measurements of the accelerated beam parameters for comparison with the results of numerical simulations.  The acceleration of multiple charge-state uranium beams has been observed at the ATLAS ‘booster’ as part of the ‘normal’ uranium beam configuration. However, the multiple charge states have been considered parasitic.  Therefore systematic studies of all the accelerated charge states were not performed and accelerator parameters were not chosen to optimize the acceleration of the other charge states.   In this test, a 238U+26 beam was accelerated to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) and stripped.  All charge states near q0=38 were then simultaneously accelerated in the ATLAS ‘Booster’ linac. The parameters of each selected charge state were carefully measured. 2 BEAM DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS For a better understanding of the beam test results, a multiple charge-state beam dynamics simulation in the Booster was performed with the modified LANA code [2]. At the position of the stripping target, input beam parameters were assumed to be the same for all charge states. The beam longitudinal and transverse emittances were taken to be equal to HL=2 SkeV/unsec and HT=0.25 Smmmrad. The ray-tracing code incorporated actual resonator field profiles and field levels of the superconducting cavities. The synchronous phase for 238U+38 was set to -30q.  Fig. 1 and 2 show the calculated longitudinal phase space at the booster exit and the transverse beam envelopes along the Booster.  Figure 1: Longitudinal phase space plots of the accelerated multiple charge-state uranium beam exiting the booster. Figure 2: Transverse envelopes of the multiple charge-state uranium beam along the booster.  As is seen one can expect acceleration of most charge states produced after the stripping foil. The simulation of the transverse motion does not include the misalignment errors; and therefore the total effective emittance growth is negligible. 3   DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT The 238U+26 beam from the ATLAS ECR-II ion source was accelerated to 286 MeV (~1.2 MeV/u) in the Injector Linac, and stripped in a 75 Pg/cm2 carbon foil 0.5 m before the ‘Booster’ linac as shown in Fig. 3.  The beam 00.250.50.7511.250 400 800 1200 1600Distance, cmBeam size, cm40+39+41+42+43+35+36+37+38+-3-2-10123-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30Phase, deg'W/W, %35+36+37+40+39+41+42+43+38+energy was carefully measured by a resonant time-of-flight (TOF) system [3]. The ATLAS Booster was tuned using a 58Ni+9 ‘guide’ beam from the ATLAS tandem injector whose velocity was matched to that of the stripped 238U+38 and which has a similar charge-to-mass ratio.  The synchronous phase for 238U+38 was chosen to be –30q.  Therefore the synchronous phase MG required for the guide beam is given by [1] q »¼º«¬ªq 27)30cos(23893858arccosGM  . The synchronous phase in all 24 cavities of the booster is set by an auto-scan procedure using a silicon detector for beam energy measurements. Tuning of the focusing fields to get 100% transmission was accomplished with the guide beam prior to switching to the uranium mixed beam.  Figure 3: Layout of ATLAS linac.    After optimising the Booster linac and 40q-bend tune with the 58Ni+9 guide beam, the stripped uranium beam was injected into the Booster.  Magnet slits were used to cleanly select only the 38+ beam after the bending magnets and the uranium injection phase was matched to the guide beam’s phase empirically based on maximum transmission through the system.  Further tuning of the bunching system and last PII resonator made small adjustments to the uranium beam energy to better match the guide beam’s velocity. After this tuning process, a 91% transmission of the multiple charge-state uranium beam was achieved. The transmission improved to 94% when a 10 mm aperture was inserted upstream of the stripping target. Fig. 4 compares the intensity distribution of the mixture of multiple charge-state uranium beams accelerated in the booster to the measured stripping distribution for the unaccelerated uranium. The difference in the distributions is caused mainly by poorer transmission of lower charge states through the booster. Also, some discrepancy is expected due to slightly different tuning of unaccelerated and accelerated beams and collimator slits in the 40q bend region. The individual charge states then were analysed in the 40q bend region and sent to the ATLAS beam diagnostics area (see Fig. 3). The parameters of each selected charge state were carefully measured. Particularly the following beam parameters were measured: x Transverse emittance (the value and ellipse orientation in phase space) by the help of quadrupole triplet gradient variation [4] and a wire scanner located 3.1 m apart. x  Average beam energy using the ATLAS TOF energy measurement system.  x  Beam energy spread with the silicon detector measuring the bunch time width after a long drift space to the ATLAS diagnostics area. Figure 4: Comparison of intensity distributions for accelerated and unaccelerated multiple charge uranium beams.  Finally, the multi-charged uranium beam was stripped for the second time at the exit of the Booster and 238U+51 was selected. The same beam parameters measurements were performed and the beam was further accelerated in the last section of ATLAS. As expected, the use of multi-charged uranium beam on the second stripper increased the intensity of double-stripped 238U+51 beam. The double-stripped 238U+51 was accelerated up to 1400 MeV and used for a scheduled experiment at ATLAS. Basic results of these beam measurements are shown in Fig. 5-8. Figure 5 presents transverse beam profiles at the exit of the booster. The multiple charge-state uranium beam has a larger size compared to the guide beam. As was shown in ref. [1] misalignments of the focusing elements and effective emittance growth of a multi-charged beam compared to a single charge-state beam are the main source of the larger beam size. Such errors must be minimized in machines designed for the utilization of multi-charge beams. The results of individual transverse emittance measurements are presented   in   Table 1   and   Figure 6.   The  horizontal    60 mmH-planeV-plane60 mmH-planeV-plane Figure 5: Transverse profiles at the exit of the booster for guide beam (left) and multi-Q uranium beam (right). 0.000.050.100.150.200.2535 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44Charge stateNormalized current (rel. value) UnacceleratedAcceleratedemittance is less than the vertical due to the charge selection by the slits downstream of the bending magnet. Therefore only emittances in the vertical plane are shown. The double-stripped uranium beam 238U+51 contains all information about the effective emittance of multi-charged beam output of the Booster. The effective emittance increases by a factor of 2 due to the misalignment errors of the solenoids in the Booster. Average energy and the FWHM energy spread of individual charge states are shown in Fig. 7. For the simulation of energy spread, the input longitudinal emittance HL=2SkeV/unsec was assumed. The graphs show consistent behaviour of the energy spread as a function of charge state. There is some discrepancy with the average energy for the remote charge state which is, probably, caused by the longitudinal tuning errors of the SRF cavities. Certainly such tuning in high intensity machines should  be  done  with high  precision,  but  for  Table 1: Twiss parameters of single charge state beams at the exit of ATLAS for the vertical plane Uranium charge state Dy Ey, mm/mrad Hy, normalized, Smmmrad 36+ 0.72 12.66 0.94 37+ 0.48 8.08 1.24 38+ 0.06 10.17 1.11 39+ 0.45 7.60 1.34 40+ 0.54 9.22 1.03 41+ -0.18 9.20 0.89 51+ 0.60 9.00 2.69     36 37   39 40 51 38   x', mrad 4 0 -4 -3 x, cm 3  Figure 6: Vertical phase space ellipses of single charge- state beams. The black ellipse corresponds to double- stripped U51+. 0.00.40.81.235 37 39 41Charge stateEnergy spread (%)MeasurementSimulation68069070071035 37 39 41Charge stateBeam energy (MeV)Si DetectorTOFSimulation Figure 7: Beam energy (left) and the FWHM energy spread (right) of individual charge states. ADC ChannelIntensity (rel. unit) Figure 8: Bunch time width for a single charge state 238U+38 beam (left) and a double-stripped 238U+51 beam (right).                                     routine operation of ATLAS it is not required. Even with these tuning errors, the average energy spread for three neighbouring charge states 37-39, similar to the beam energy distribution proposed for the RIA driver linac, is only 0.7%. Figure 8 presents bunch time width measurements of beams transported to the ATLAS diagnostic area. The left spectrum corresponds to charge state 38+ (before the second stripping) and the right spectrum belongs to double-stripped uranium beam 238U+51. The low intensity background events are mostly due to detector system background. The energy spectra at FWHM obtained from these measurements are 0.4% for charge state 38+ and 1.3% for charge state 51+. So, the second stripping of the multi-charged beam produced a 3 times larger energy spread. CONCLUSION The results of this test are consistent with the simulation and show that multi-charged beam acceleration can substantially increase the intensity of heavy-ion beams. A medium-energy high-power machine, such as the RIA driver linac, can be designed to utilize multi-Q beams if unwanted charge states after each stripping target are cleaned by a corresponding magnetic system. For low-intensity and low-energy linacs, such as ATLAS, the double-stripped heavy-ion beam can be used to obtain higher beam energy while providing more intensity than with single charge-state acceleration. Work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract W-31-109-ENG-38 REFERENCES [1] P.N. Ostroumov and K.W. Shepard, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 3, 030101 (2000). [2] D.V. Gorelov and P.N. Ostroumov, Proc. of the Fifth Eur. Part. Accel. Conf., p. 1271. Sitges, Spain, June 10-14, 1996. [3] R. Pardo, et al, Nucl. Inst. Meth. A270, 226 (1988)  [4] P.N. Ostroumov, et al, Proc. of the Third Eur. Part. Accel. Conf., p. 1109. Berlin, March 24-28, 1992.  

Multiple Charge State Beam Acceleration at ATLAS

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Multiple Charge State Beam Acceleration at Atlas

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