The semantic evolution of "kap"-based units from ancient Turkic to Russian is examined in this article. In ancient Turkic dictionaries, the origin, basis, construction, and semantic development of kap-based lexemes were explored. The definitions supplied in the annotated and computerized dictionaries in Uzbek, Russian, and English are compared. Linguists have attempted to establish that these are most likely Turkish terms. On the basis of linguists' opinions on the word's etymology, new results have been made. There is a brief explanation of how ancient Turkic got its name from Russian and other acquired nouns

Rikhsiyeva, Kamola

English

Middle European Scientific Bulletin

MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970  198      Middle European Scientific Bulletin, VOLUME 18 Nov 2021     The Semantic Development of Some “QAP” Basic Units which Have Made a Russen Language and throught for Foreign Language  Kamola Rikhsiyeva   ABSTRACT The semantic evolution of "kap"-based units from ancient Turkic to Russian is examined in this article. In ancient Turkic dictionaries, the origin, basis, construction, and semantic development of kap-based lexemes were explored. The definitions supplied in the annotated and computerized dictionaries in Uzbek, Russian, and English are compared. Linguists have attempted to establish that these are most likely Turkish terms. On the basis of linguists' opinions on the word's etymology, new results have been made. There is a brief explanation of how ancient Turkic got its name from Russian and other acquired nouns. KEYWORDS: lexeme, semantics, semantic development, assimilation, dictionary, electronic dictionary, glossary, etymology, katorga, capital, kaftan, kalpak, kabluk.  As language evolves, it interacts with one another. The languages of the globe come into touch with each other to some extent as a result of varied social contexts and causes. Turkic languages, in particular, have a distinctive function in the lexical layer of world languages. More than 2,500 words have been learned from Turkic languages into Russian and through Russian into European languages, according to the world's finest linguists; in fact, the figure is substantially greater. This, according to academics, is the outcome of sociocultural and economic links. The multi-volume “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” (1950s) by German linguist Max Fasmer and “Dictionary of Turkism in the Russian Language” by Y. Shipova are two examples of such lexemes (1976). According to Russian researchers, the Russian dictionary has a considerable number of borrowings, with Turkic words accounting for over half of these borrowings.  The earliest dictionary in this field is Y. Shipova's “Dictionary of Turkisms in Russian”. The dictionary's creator was able to determine not only the number of Turkish words in the Russian language, but also their etymology. As Turkish words absorbed into the lexical layer of the Russian language, they underwent significant phonetic, morphological, and lexical-semantic alterations, according to scholars. Borrowed Turkish words not only increased the Russian lexicon, but also gave rise to a slew of new idioms and proverbs. The study of the etymology of terms derived from Turkic languages and incorporated into Russian began in the seventeenth century. V. Tuzov conducted the initial research in this field in 1976. [Publications by Valeyev and others 2014]. Turkology is the study of Turkic peoples, their language, literature, and the scientific field that analyzes their history and culture. F.I. Erdman, I.N. Beryozin, A.A. Bobrovnikov, A.K. Kazembek, S.K. Bulich, and F. Mikloshich were among the earliest Turkologists to contribute to the development of Turkology in the nineteenth century. V.V. Radlov's research is particularly important in the comparative study of Turkic languages. So far, his work has been pivotal in this field. The book "Turkism in Russian Classics: a Dictionary with Textual Illustrations" by R.A. Yunaleeva, released in 2005, is one example of recent literature in this field. The play was the first to investigate MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970  199      Middle European Scientific Bulletin, VOLUME 18 Nov 2021    phraseological units derived from Turkish words and their meaning in Russian. The dictionary is based on nineteenth-century writers' writings and emphasizes the significance of units in Russian speech. In modern lexicography, it is a new type of dictionary. This book is an excellent resource for Turkish etymology and analysis. Because different texts have been used to clarify word meanings. Based on ancient Turkic texts and dictionaries, the following is a study of a few terms. “Katorga (Hard labor)”. In dictionaries, the word is defined as follows, particularly in the English Wikipedia dictionary. Derived from the word "Galley" in Middle and Modern Greek (from the words " katergon, κάτεργον ")." Meaning: a type of ship that moves by rowing. Catharsis was one of the most difficult forms of forced labor in the Russian Empire. Prisoners were forcibly relocated to remote locations in Siberia and the Russian Far East, where there were insufficient volunteers and laborers. Inmates were compelled to work under inhumane conditions. According to the English etymological dictionary, the phrase comes from the Russian language and refers to a forced labor camp (location) in Russia or the Soviet Union. The Russian Wikipedia Dictionary states that the lexeme "katorga" is Greek: "Katorga or katorga works" is the Greek word for kateryov – katergon, later called gallera. The state's involvement in the most severe kind of labor for the perpetrators of the most heinous crimes. Prisoners who were exiled were forced to work in labor camps. This sort of punishment has been used in the past. Specifically, the forms of labor performed throughout the Roman Empire, such as the laying of extensive water pipes and so on. The dictionary also explains that "katorga" or "katorga work" (heavy forced labor, derived from the Greek word katergon, meaning a large rowing boat). So, it is clear from the above dictionary articles and comments that there are different opinions about the origin of the lexeme "katorga", the first meaning of which is forced labor in a very heavy order; the second is that it is a place of severe punishment.  According to sources, the prisoners in the penitentiary often worked hard with their arms and legs tied with long chains, and sometimes even with chains around their necks. The origin of the lexeme "katorga" can be traced back to the word "qap", which existed in the ancient Turkic language and has the semantics of closing, which is now the basis of a number of words. This is evidenced by the existence of a number of lexemes based on the Russian language. For example, Y. Shipova in "Dictionary of Turkism in the Russian language" gives to Russian the interpretation and meanings of "qap" and several words based on it, which combine the semantics of "closing" and "hide" from the ancient Turkic language. [Shipova, 1976] That is, kaptan, kaptana (later to kaptor, in the form of kaptalka) in the ancient Turkic language, winter closed transport, carriage. In the ancient Russian language, the lexeme kaptan (1534), later "kaptorga", meant a winter closed vehicle. The torga in the second part is still a to’rva (bag) that carries the goods. "Katorga" means a place of severe punishment, a prison. In fact, the root word for "prison" in Turkish is "qap." The "qap" has closing and hiding semas. “Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages”, published in Moscow in 1997, also mentions the meaning of the ancient Turkic lexeme "qapi/kapi" in prison. The lexeme "prison", which is now in the Uzbek dictionary, is also a phonetic variant of "qapi" or "qapak". Fasmer describes the word "kaptan" as "an abstract word." “Katorga”, on the other hand, is considered a Greek masterpiece and is interpreted as the work of a high-security prison and a place where they are kept. [Fasmer, M., 1986, p. 211]  MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970  200      Middle European Scientific Bulletin, VOLUME 18 Nov 2021    In Fasmer's etymological dictionary, not all “qap”-based lexemes are considered Turkic. In Fasmer's etymological dictionary, not all “kap”-based lexemes are considered Turkic. However, Radlov considers the word to be a pure Turkish word, arguing that "kaptama" is derived from the Turkish kapla+ma (closed, hide) with a number of similar words. каpla- (tat., tob., tur., kar. t, chag. kap+lа) 1. To close, hide, connect; kapta- (kaz., tel. kap+la) 1. to close, conceal; 2. Explains as to put in a bag. Radlov describes the “Kapturga” as a weapon bag, the “kapturra”’s leather pouch, and the “kaptirga” as a shell that holds parts and cartridges. Here are a few more similar lexemes.  Another word that is used in Russian and other languages is "capital". In the “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, Max Fasmer speculates that "capital" may have been derived from the Italian capitale, which means the principal wealth, the principal amount of money, or suggests that it may have been borrowed from the French word for capital, and notes that it means to accumulate. . [Fasmer, 1986, 185] However, in the text of ancient Turkic sources, it is known that "qap" means to collect, to gather, to gather, all. Sources say that the concept of "capital" was introduced in Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC as the amount of debt for a profitable business transaction. A distinctive feature of Mesopotamian culture is that its population was largely dominated by financial culture. And if Sumer was the birthplace of accounting, then his successors, Babylon and Assyria, played the role of modern Switzerland in ancient times. Their bankers accepted loans, deposits and checks. Neighboring nations learned to trade and finance from Babylon. [Golovanova, Khalilova, 2013] This means that the history of "capital" goes back much longer than we thought. The words in the dictionary of the ancient Turkic language reflect the ancient culture, customs, way of life, occupations, living conditions of the Turkic peoples. In his book "Historical ancestral home of the Turks" G. Gumbatov writes about Turkic words that have entered the lexical layer of the language of non-Turkic peoples, the ancient Turkic peoples were in close contact with the neighboring peoples and had extensive experience in domesticating animals and cultivating crops. As a result, they not only learned words from their neighbors, but also gained a great deal of cultural experience. have experience. This is especially true of Finno-Ugric, East Slavic, Iranian, Caucasian, and Mongolian languages. Linguistic data allow us to assume that the first connections between the ancient Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages date back to the third millennium BC. It should be noted that the Armenians were strongly influenced by the Turkic languages (Oghuz, Azerbaijani, Turkish). The famous Armenian writer H. Abovyan writes in his novel "Armenia's wounds" that Turkish words are embedded in their words, even in songs, fairy tales and wisdom, and he uses not only words, but also whole sentences in speech, that the Armenian people have learned a lot of Turkish words and are using them today. [Gumbatov, 2012, p. 205] It also cites 50 words learned in Armenian and Turkish. Among them, "kapa" means a type of outerwear. In Shipova's dictionary (174) kaftan is described as a thick outer garment of ancient men.  According to Ogienko, which is based on the word "kap" and "ton" (later pants), which means shirt, kaftan was adopted from Russian and Tatar in the XIII-XV centuries. Padlov describes the kaftan as a robe, a long outer garment resembling a cloak. Vamberi connects the origin of the word with Persian. The kapchan also meant a type of thick top and hat. Kapshuk. The word has several meanings in Turkic languages: bag, pocket; other types of hats, hoods; in some Turkic languages a young child, a baby (growing out of the meaning of a bag). The modern Russian kapyushon (hood) is also a phonetic variant of the kapshuk. Kaplak -cap, hat, headpiece; coatingthe volume that surrounds the surface of objects. The kaplak MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970  201      Middle European Scientific Bulletin, VOLUME 18 Nov 2021    metathesis and now takes the form of a kalpak. Radlov described the kap-la as a covering, and the kap-la as a covering object. The origin of the modern Russian hats and caps, as well as the English a cap lexemes, is associated with the kaplak. R.A. Yunaleeva's book "Turkisms in Russian classics: a dictionary with text illustrations" also reflects the phraseology of Russian words derived from the Turkic language and their place in Russian, among them are “qap” based lexemes. For example, “Forgive me, kalpak, but the hat is already” (cap) [Yunaleeva, 2005]  Kabluk is another Old Turkic lexeme that has been borrowed into Russian. Under the Kabluk ( heel) of the shoe, there is a hard, leather-covered portion called the heel. Scholars are unsure how the word came to be, but given the greater amount of assimilation into other languages in the 16th century, Turkic words were associated with "kap" in Tatar and Bashkir. The term was in the form of "kab-lyk," according to Dmitriev (part of a shoe). We learned from the ancient Turkic language to Russian and through Russian to other foreign languages and entered the widely used category, capital, hat, hat, we studied the interpretations of lexemes such as cap and made a comparative analysis in the articles of dictionaries on the ancient Turkic language, etymological and modern dictionaries. The above lexemes did not diverge from their original semaphores, and their form did not alter greatly over the centuries, according to comparative analysis. Despite the fact that the origins of these examples differ from dictionary to dictionary, we have attempted to demonstrate that they are all Turkish lexemes. We've come to the conclusion that a big number of Turkic terms have moved from the ancient Turkic language to Russian, and then on to other languages around the world, for various societal reasons. REFERENCES: 1. Baskakov N.A. Russkiye familii tyurkskogo proisxojdeniya. Moskva: Nauka, 1979 2. Etimologicheskiy slovar tyurkskix yazikov. Moskva, 1977 3. Fasmer M. Etimologicheskiy slovar russkogo yazika. M., 1986 4. Golovanova, Xalilova. Chelovek i kultura. T., 2013 5. Gumbatov G. Istoricheskaya prarodina tyurkov. Baku: Elm i taxsil, 2012. 6. Kojevnikova Y.A. Tyurkizmi v sovremennom russkom yazike. V., 2009. 7. Shipova Y.N. Slovartyurkizmov v russkom yazike. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1976. 8. Yunaleyeva R.A. Tyurkizmi v russkoy klassike: slovar s tekstovimi I llyustratsiyami. Kazan: Taglimat, 2005. 

The Semantic Development of Some “QAP” Basic Units which Have Made a Russen Language and throught for Foreign Language

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The Semantic Development of Some “QAP” Basic Units which Have Made a Russen Language and throught for Foreign Language

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