Buried metal objects in sea water may undergo corrosion because of the corrosive ions such as chloride ions present in seawater. However a paint coating may control the corrosion of the metal objects such as robots. Corrosion resistance of mild steel in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution before and after coating with Asian guard red paint has been evaluated by polarization study and AC impedance spectra. In presence of Asian guard red paint, the linear polarization resistance increases, corrosion current decreases, charge transfer resistance increases, double layer capacitance decreases and impedance value increases. That is corrosion resistance of mild steel objects in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution increases after coating with Asian guard red paint

Lačnjevac, Časlav

Rajendran, Dorothy

Rajendran, Susai Santhammal

Sasilatha, Thankappan

Singh, Gurmeete

Suvakeen Amala Doss Hebciba, Mary

Zastita materijala

AgroSpace

D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 15 1Dorothy Rajendran1*, Thankappan Sasilatha1, Suvakeen Amala Doss Hebciba Mary2, Susai Santhammal Rajendran2,3, Caslav Lacnjevac4,Gurmeet Singh5 1AMET University, Department of EEE, Chennai, India, 2Department of Chemistry, St. Antony’s College of Arts and Sciences for Women Thamaraipady, Tamil Nadu, India,3Pondicherry Uniersity, Puducherry, India  4University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia, 5 Pondicherry University, Vice Chancellor, Puducherry, India. Scientific paper ISSN 0351-9465, E-ISSN 2466-2585 https://doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2201015R  Zastita Materijala 63 (1) 15 - 22  (2022) Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image data and corrosion protection of mild steel used in underwater study - A case study Part B - Corrosion protection of mild steel used in underwater study ABSTRACT Buried metal objects in sea water may undergo corrosion because of the corrosive ions such as chloride ions present in seawater. However a paint coating may control the corrosion of the metal objects such as robots. Corrosion resistance of mild steel in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution before and after coating with Asian guard red paint has been evaluated by polarization study and AC impedance spectra. In presence of Asian guard red paint, the linear polarization resistance increases, corrosion current decreases, charge transfer resistance increases, double layer capacitance decreases and impedance value increases. That is corrosion resistance of mild steel objects in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution increases after coating with Asian guard red paint. Keywords: mild steel objects, robots, coating, Asian guard red paint, polarization study, AC impedance spectra, sea water, 3.5% sodium chloride.  1. INTRODUCTION This article is divided into two part. Part A deals with “Deep learning based Underwater Metal object detection using input Image data”. Part B deals with “Corrosion protection of mild steel used in underwater study- A case study” Metallic parts of machines of ships or aero planes may submerge in sea water. They may undergo corrosion when they come in contact with sea water which contains 3.5% sodium chloride. This is most commonly responsible for the corrosive nature of the sea water. The robots made of materials such as mild steel may also undergo corrosion when they come in contact with sea water, while is search. If a paint coating is given, it will control the corrosion of these proposed materials. Hence this work is undertaken. Mild steel is  coated  with  Asian  guard  red paint. Corrosion    *Corresponding author: Dorothy Rajendran E-mail: rdorothyraj.dgl@gmail.com Paper received: 30. 07. 2021. Paper corrected: 22. 08. 2021. Paper accepted: 30. 08. 2021. Paper is available on the website: www.idk.org.rs/journal resistance of mild in3.5% sodium chloride solution  is measured before coating and after coating by electrochemical studies such as such as polari-zation study and AC impedance spectra [1-20]. The corrosion inhibition efficiency offered by red paint to mild steel in 3.5% sodium chloride is 99.98%. 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Corrosion resistance of mild in3.5% sodium chloride solution  is measured before coating and after coating by electrochemical studies such as such as polarization study and AC impedance spectra. Electrochemical studies A CHI electrochemical work station with impedance model 660A was used for this purpose.  A three-electrode cell assembly electrode was used in the present study (Scheme 1). Mild steel was used as working electrode; saturated calomel electrode was used as reference electrode and Platinum electrode was used as counter electrode. From the polarisation study corrosion parameters such as corrosion potential (Ecorr) corrosion current (Icorr) and Tafel slope values (anodic = ba and cathodic = bc) and Linear polarisation resistance (LPR) were calculated. D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 16  Scheme 1. Three electrode cell assembly Shema  . S lop  eli e sa tri ele trode AC impedance spectral studies were carried out on a CHI – Electrochemical workstation with impedance, Model 660A. A three – electrode cell assembly was used. The working electrode was mild steel, A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was the reference electrode and platinum was the counter electrode. The real part (Z’) and imaginary part (-Z’’) of the cell impedence were measured in ohms at various frequencies.  Values of the charge transfer resistance (Rt) and the double layer capacitance (Cdl)  and impedance value were calculated from Nyguist plots and Bode plots. Analysis of polarization curves Polarisation study has been used to detect the formation of protective film on the metal surface. When a protective film is formed on the metal surface, the linear polarisation resistance (LPR) increases and the corrosion current (Icorr) decreases. The polarisation curves of mild steel immersed in various test solutions are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The corrosion parameters namely, corrosion potential (Ecorr), Tafel slopes (bc= cathodic; ba= anodic) linear polarisation resistance (LPR) and the corrosion current (Icorr) values are given in Table 1. When mild steel is immersed in 3.5%NaCl solution, the corrosion potential is -0.997 V vs SCE. The LPR value is 25 Ohmcm2. The corrosion current value is 1.896×10-3 A/cm2.  Figure 1. Tafel plot of mild steel immersed in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution Slika 1. Tafel-ova  riva za me i čeli  uron en u 3.5 % rastvor natri um hlorida D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 17  Figure 2. Tafel plot of mild steel immersed in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution after coated with red paint Slika 2. Tafel-ova  riva za me i čeli  uron en u 3.5 % rastvor natri um hlorida na on premazivan a crvenom bojom Table 1. Corrosion parameters of mild steel immersed in 3.5%NaCl in the absence and presence of protective coating (Asian guard red paint) Tabela  . Parametri  orozi e me og čeli a uron enog u 3.5%NaCl u odsustvu i prisustvu zaštitnog premaza (azi s a zaštitna crvena bo a) System Ecorr V vs SCE bc V/decade ba V/decade LPR Ohmcm2 Icorr A/cm2 3.5%NaCl -0.997 6.035 3.281 25 1.896×10-3 3.5%NaCl+Asian guard red paint (AGRP) -0.681 5.185 5.663 167159 2.398×10-7  Influence of asian guard red paint (AGRP) on the corrosion resistance of mild steel immersed in 3.5%NaCl Coating of Asian guard red paint (AGRP)  coated mild steel shifts the corrosion potential to -0.681 V vs SCE. The corrosion potential is shifted to anodic side. This indicates that the anodic reaction is controlled predominantly. The LPR value increases from 25 to 167159 Ohmcm2 (Figure 3), and the corrosion current decreases from 1.896x10-3 to 2.398×10-7A/cm2.   Figure 3. Comparison of LPR values Sli a 3. Poređen e LPR vrednosti  This tremendous decrease in corrosion current value suggests that a protective film is formed on the metal surface and probably the protective film consists of Fe2+complex formed between Fe 2+ and D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 18 the ingredients of the Asian guard red paint (AGRP). A better understanding is that the paint does not allow the water molecule to reach the metal surface. Hence corrosion is controlled to great extent. The inhibition efficiency calculated from LPR values is 99.99%. The corrosion potential shifts to the noble side, thus confirming the protective nature of the red paint (Figure 4).   Figure 4. Comparison of corrosion potentials Sli a 4. Poređen e  orozionih potenci ala  Implication When a mild steel robot or machinery coated with Asian guard red paint (AGRP) is immersed 3.5%NaCl, the corrosion resistance of the increases. This is due to the fact, the coating of the film prevents the corrosion of mild steel 3.5% NaCl. Hence, it is recommended that the mild steel used in under water technology may be coated with the Asian guard red paint (AGRP). The inhibition efficiency calculated from LPR values is 99.99%. Analysis of AC Impedance spectra The AC Impedance spectra of mild steel immersed in various solutions are shown in Figures  5 a and b (Nyquist) and Figures 6 and 7 (Bode plots).   Figure 5a. Nyquist plot of mild steel in 3.5% NaCl solution Slika 5a. Nyquist-ova  riva za me i čeli  u 3.5% rastvoru NaCl D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 19  Figure 5b. Nyquist plot of mild steel coated with red paint in 3.5% NaCl solution Slika 5b. Nyquist-ova  riva za me i čeli  premazan crvenom bo om u 3.5% rastvoru NaCl  Figure 6. Bode plots of mild steel in 3.5% NaCl solution Slika 6. Bode-ova  riva za  me i čeli  u 3.5% rastvoru NaCl  AC impedance spectra have been used to detect the formation of the film on the metal surface.  If the protective film is formed, the charge transfer resistance (Rt) increases and double layer capacitance (Cdl) value decreases. The impedance value increases and phase angle decreases (Figure 8). The AC impedance parameters, namely charge transfer resistance (Rt) and double layer capacitance (Cdl) are given in Table 2.  When mild steel is immersed in 3.5% NaCl  solution, the Rt value is 7.744ohmcm2 and Cdl value is 6.5857×10-7 F/cm2.. The impedance value is 1.012. D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 20  Figure 7. Bode plots of mild steel coated with red paint in 3.5% NaCl solution Slika 7. Bode-ova  riva za  me i čeli  premazan crvenom bo om u 3.5% rastvoru NaCl  Figure 8. Protective film and corrosion parameters Sli a 8. Parametri zaštitnog filma i  orozi e Table 2. AC Impedance parameters of mild steel immersed in various solutions obtained  from AC impedance spectra Tabela 2. Parametri impedanse naizmenične stru e za me i čeli , uron en u različite  ombinaci e, dobi eni iz spe tra impedanse naizmenične stru e System Rt, Ohmcm2 Cdl, F/cm 2 Impedance, (log z/Ohm) 3.5%NaCl 7.744 6.5857×10-7 1.012 3.5%NaCl+asian guard red paint (AGRP) 45690 1.1162×10-10 4.777  Influence of asian guard red paint (AGRP) on the corrosion resistance of mild steel immersed in 3.5%NaCl When the paint coated electrode is immersed in 3.5%NaCl, the Rt value increases from 7.744 to 45690 Ohmcm2 (Figure 9) and Cdl value decreases from 6.5857×10-7 to 1.1162×10-10F/cm2. The impedance value increases from 1.012 to 4.777. These values indicate that the coated film is very strong and it is not broken by the ions present in 3.5%NaCl medium. Corrosion inhibition efficiency calculated from Rt values is 99.98%, which is more appreciated. Implication When a mild steel robot or machinery coated with Asian guard red paint (AGRP) is immersed 3.5%NaCl, the corrosion resistance of the increases. This is due to the fact, the coating of the film prevents the corrosion of mild steel 3.5% NaCl. Hence, it is recommended that the mild steel used in under water technology may be coated with the Asian guard red paint (AGRP). D. Rajendran et al. Deep learning based underwater metal object detection using input image ... ZASTITA MATERIJALA 63 (2022) broj 1 21  Figure 9. Comparison of Rt values Sli a 9. Poređen e vrednosti Rt  3. CONCLUSION Metallic parts of machines of ships or aero planes may submerge in sea water. They may undergo corrosion when they come in contact with sea water which contains 3.5% sodium chloride [21]. This is most commonly responsible for the corrosive nature of the sea water. The robots made of materials such as mild steel may also undergo corrosion when they come in contact with sea water, while is search. If a paint coating is given, it will control the corrosion of these proposed materials. Hence this work is undertaken. Mild steel is coated with Asian guard red paint. Corrosion resistance of mild in3.5% sodium chloride solution  is measured before coating and after coating by electrochemical studies such as such as polarization study and AC impedance spectra. The corrosion inhibition efficiency offered by red paint to mild steel in 3.5% sodium chloride is 99.98%. When a mild steel robot or machinery coated with Asian guard red paint (AGRP) is immersed 3.5%NaCl, the corrosion resistance of the increases. This is due to the fact, the coating of the film prevents the corrosion of mild steel 3.5% NaCl. Hence, it is recommended that the mild steel used in under water technology may be coated with the Asian guard red paint (AGRP). 4. REFERENCES [1] S.Rajendran, M.K.Devi, A.P.P.Regis, A.J.Amalraj, J. Jeyasundari,  M.Manivannan (2009) Electroplating using environmental friendly garlic extract, A case study, Zast. Mater., 50, 131–140.  [2] S.Rajendran, P.Chitradevi, S.Johnmary, A. Krishnaveni, S.Kanchana, L.Christy, R. Nagalakshmi, B.Narayanasamy (2010)  Corrosion behaviour of SS 316L in artificial saliva in presence of electral, Zast. Mater., 51, 149–158.  [3] S.Rajendran, M.Agasta, R.B.Devi, B.S.Devi, K. Rajam, J.Jeyasundari (2009) Corrosion inhibition by an aqueous extract of Henna leaves (Lawsonia Inermis L), Zast. Mater., 50, 77–84.  [4] A.C.C.Mary, S.Rajendran, J.Jeyasundari (2017)  Influence of Coffee on the corrosion resistance of SS 316L, Ni-Ti alloy and thermoactive alloy in artificial saliva, Eur. Chem. Bull., 6, 232–237.  [5] V.Sribharathy, S.Rajendran, P.Rengan, R. Nagalakshmi (2013)  Corrosion Inhibition By An Aqueous Extract Of Aleovera (L) Burm F. (Liliaceae), Eur. Chem. Bull., 2, 471–476. [6] R.Epshiba, A.P.P.Regis, S.Rajendran (2014) Inhibition of Corrosion of Carbon Steel In A Well Water By Sodium Molybdate–Zn2+ System, Int. J. Nano Corros. Sci. Eng., 1, 1–11. [7] N.Kavitha, P.Manjula (2014) Corrosion Inhibition of Water Hyacinth Leaves, Zn2+ and TSC on Mild Steel in neutral aqueous medium, Int. J. Nano Corros. Sci. Eng., 1, 31–38.  [8] R.Nagalakshmi, L.Nagarajan, R.J.Rathish, S.S. Prabha, N.Vijaya, J.Jeyasundari, S.Rajendran (2014) Corrosion Resistance Of SS316l In Artificial Urine In Presence Of D-Glucose, Int. J. Nano Corros. Sci. Eng., 1, 39–49.  [9] J.A.Thangakani, S.Rajendran, J.Sathiabama, R. M. Joany, R.J.Rathis, S.S.Prabha (2014) Inhibition Of Corrosion Of Carbon Steel In Aqueous Solution Containing Low Chloride Ion By Glycine – Zn2+ System, Int. J. Nano Corros. Sci. Eng., 1, 50–62. [10] S.Gowri, J.Sathiyabama, S.Rajendran, J.A. Thangakani (2012) Tryptophan as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in sea water,  J. Chem., D. Rajendran et al. 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IZVOD DETEKTOVANJE PODVODNIH METALNIH OBJEKATA POMOĆU VEŠTAČKE INTELIGENCIJE I ZAŠTITA OD KOROZIJE PREDMETA OD MEKOG ČELIKA KORIŠĆENIH U PODVODNOJ STUDIJI - STUDIJA SLUČAJA DEO B - ZAštita od korozije predmeta od mekog čelika korišćenih u podvodnoj studiji Ukopani metalni predmeti u morskoj vodi mogu pro i  orozi u zbog  orozivnih  ona, poput hloridnih  ona prisutnih u mors o  vodi. Međutim, bo a može  ontrolisati  orozi u metalnih predmeta  ao što su roboti. Otpornost na  orozi u me og čeli a u 3,5 % rastvoru natri um hlorida pre i posle premazivan a azi s om zaštitnom crvenom bo om procen ena  e polarizacionom studi om i spe trom impedanse naizmenične stru e.   prisustvu azi s e zaštitne crvene bo e, otpor linearne polarizaci e se pove ava, stru a  orozi e se sman u e, otpor prenošen a nabo a raste, kapacitet dvostrukog sloja se smanjuje, a vrednost impedanse raste. Tako je otpornost na koroziju predmeta od me og čeli a u 3,5 % rastvoru natri um hlorida na on premazivan a azi s om zaštitnom crvenom bo om pobol šana. Ključne reči: predmeti od meki čeli , roboti, premazi, azi s a zaštitna crvena bo a, polarizaciona studi a, spe tri impedanse naizmenične stru e, mors a voda.  Naučni rad Rad primljen: 30. 07. 2021. Rad korigovan: 22. 08. 2021. Rad prihva en:  30. 08. 2021. Rad je dostupan na sajtu: www.idk.org.rs/casopis        © 2021 Authors. Published by Engineering Society for Corrosion. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) 

DETEKTOVANJE PODVODNIH METALNIH OBJEKATA POMOĆU VEŠTAČKE INTELIGENCIJE I ZAŠTITA OD KOROZIJE PREDMETA OD MEKOG ČELIKA KORIŠĆENIH U PODVODNOJ STUDIJI-STUDIJA SLUČAJA DEO B-ZAštita od korozije predmeta od mekog čelika korišćenih u podvodnoj studiji

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DETEKTOVANJE PODVODNIH METALNIH OBJEKATA POMOĆU VEŠTAČKE INTELIGENCIJE I ZAŠTITA OD KOROZIJE PREDMETA OD MEKOG ČELIKA KORIŠĆENIH U PODVODNOJ STUDIJI-STUDIJA SLUČAJA DEO B-ZAštita od korozije predmeta od mekog čelika korišćenih u podvodnoj studiji

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