The adequate choice of suitable cultivar/clone together with the ecological characteristics of the region and combination of agro technical measures represents the most important factors in the viticulture production. Aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of two Pinot Noir clones (R4 and 667) in two Serbian grape growing regions with different meteorological conditions. The following properties were investigated: beginning, end and length of the growing season, grape yield, mechanical composition of bunch and berry, grape and wine quality. Differences between studied 'Pinot Noir' clones and environmental conditions in grape growing regions resulted in the production of grapes and wine with different characteristics

Atanacković, Z.

Nikolić, D.

Ranković-Vasić, Zorica

Ruml, Mirjana

Sivčev, Branislava

AgroSpace

Characterization and adaptation of some 'Pinot Noir' clones to the environmental conditions of Serbian grape growing regions

Ranković-Vasić,, Z.

Sivčev, B.

Ruml, M.

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Vitis 54 (Special Issue), 147–149 (2015)Characterization and adaptation of some 'Pinot Noir' clones to the environmental conditions of Serbian grape growing regionsZ. RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, D. NIKOLIĆ, Z. ATANACKOVIĆ, B. SIVČEV and M. RUMLUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, SerbiaSummaryThe adequate choice of suitable cultivar/clone to-gether with the ecological characteristics of the region and combination of agro technical measures represents the most important factors in the viticulture produc-tion. Aim of this study was to determine the charac-teristics of two Pinot Noir clones (R4 and 667) in two Serbian grape growing regions with different mete-orological conditions. The following properties were investigated: beginning, end and length of the growing season, grape yield, mechanical composition of bunch and berry, grape and wine quality. Differences between studied 'Pinot Noir' clones and environmental condi-tions in grape growing regions resulted in the produc-tion of grapes and wine with different characteristics. K e y  w o r d s :  terroir; meteorological conditions; grape quality; wine.Introduction'Pinot Noir' originates from Burgundy region in France which means that its adaptation is very specific to this en-vironment. Now, 'Pinot Noir' has become an international variety and it is grown in a large number of viticultural regions all around the world. Its enological potential is re-flected in the interaction with different "terroir" conditions resulting in specific elements of the sensory and quality characteristics of wines (CARBONNEAU and BOIDRON 2012). A large intra varietal variability in 'Pinot Noir' has been described. It produced a large number of clones that are more or less adapted to different environmental condi-tions (STEFANI et al. 1995). The interaction between cul-tivar/clone and growing environment is the base of wine quality and typicality. In recent time the behavior of dif-ferent clones within the same cultivar became another fun-damental factor influencing the enological result (SANTINI et al. 2009-2010). The environment plays a key-role on the quality of grapes, producing a unique wine style (DELOIRE et al. 2002). TONIETTO and CARBONNEAU (2004) consider that climate is the most dominant factor in determining grape quality and it is responsible for the "terroir effect". Climatic conditions (solar radiation, heat accumulation, rainfall, frost, temperature, humidity, etc.) have a strong impact on viticulture, affecting grapevine growth, chemi-cal and sensory characteristics of the wine. Out of all the climatic factors, temperature appears to be one of the most important (RUML et al. 2012). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of two 'Pinot Noir' clones (R4 and 667) in two Serbian grape growing regions in relation to the most important meteorological factors.Material and MethodsThe study focused on the 'Pinot Noir' clones R4 and 667 which were grown in two Serbian grape growing regions: Sumadia-Great Morava (Experimental field 'Radmilovac' - Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade) and Banat region ('Vrsac Vineyards - Gudurica'). Ten vines from each clone have been tested in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The inves-tigated clones were planted on V. berlandieri x V. riparia Kober 5BB rootstock at the distance of 3.0 x 1.0 m in sin-gle Guyot training system. The analysis of meteorological conditions (air temperature and precipitation) was based on the data recorded by the weather stations located next to the experimental vineyards. The following properties were investigated for the clones: beginning, end and length of the growing season, grape yield, mechanical composition of bunch and berry, grape and wine quality. Start and end of the period of vegetation was determined on the basis of average daily temperatures in five consecutive days which was higher than 10 °C (not calculated if the start was be-fore March and the end before September). Grape yield (kg per vine), bunch length and width (cm), bunch and berry mass (cm) were investigated by these measures. The qual-ity of grapes was determined on the basis of sugar content (refractometer - Pocket Atago Pal 1) and total acids content (titration with n/4 NaOH) in the must. Total phenol content was determined by the A.O.A.C. spectrophotometric meth-od (1984) in berry skin and by MAZZA and VELIOGLU (1992) in wines. Antioxidant activities in the grape and wine were determined based on the DPPH radicals assay. The meas-ured data were statistically analyzed using the software package Statistica (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Results and DiscussionMeteorological parameters (air temperature and pre-cipitation) varied with respect to the year of investigation (Figs 1 and 2). Higher mean annual air temperature was found during the tested years at Radmilovac locality (from 13 to 13.4 °C) compared to Vrsac locality (12 to 12.8 °C). SPAYD et al. (2002) found that the grape harvest dates may Correspondence to: Dr. Z. RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia. E-mail: zoricarv@agrif.bg.ac.rs 148 Z. RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ et al.(2012) determined the composition of 'Pinot Noir' berries and found that the sugar content depends on various ele-ments of terroir (clones, characteristics of the cultivation sites, soil, harvest time, etc.). The clones were significantly different based on the acid content in the musts (F = 10.83, p < 0.01). This trait has been influenced by: year (F = 22.64, p < 0.01), interaction of clone and year (F = 8.10, p < 0.01), cultivation site and year (F = 15.00, p < 0.01) and clone, cultivation site and year (F = 6.86, p < 0.01). MULLINS et al. (1992) showed that the acid content in the must, beside the cultivar effect, varies depending on meteorological factors, time of grape harvesting and yield. Phenolic content of berry skin was influenced by the cultivation area (F = 6.54, p < 0.05), the year (F = 7.52, p < 0.01), the interaction be-tween cultivation site and year (F = 10.51, p < 0.01) and the clone x cultivation site x year interaction (F = 4.59, p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity by grape clones varied in relation to the year (F = 16.00, p < 0.01), the clone x year (F = 6.52, p < 0.01), the cultivation site x year (F = 15.17, p < 0.01) and clone x cultivation site x year (F = 7.92, p < 0.01) interactions. REVILLA et al. (1997) have demon-strated different content of phenolic compounds in differ-ent grapevine varieties depending on the year and the cli-matic conditions of the cultivation site. Phenolic composi-tion and antioxidant activity of the wines varied in relation to the cultivation site (F = 142.69, p < 0.01, F = 13.91, p < 0.01) and cultivation site x year interactions (F = 4.52, p < 0.05; F = 8.76, p < 0.01). Clone x cultivation site x year interaction (F = 19.05, p < 0.01) had an important effect on the phenolic composition. The antioxidant activity of wine depended mainly by the year (F = 23.84, p < 0.01) and the interaction of clones and the cultivation site (F = 9.69, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe tested clones of  'Pinot Noir' (R4 and 667) were significantly different in the length and weight of the bunch, sugar content and total acids in the must. The characteris-tics of the cultivation sites, the meteorological factors and the interaction between clone, cultivation site and year had a very significant effect on the tested characteristics. Some change in warmer years. Precipitations varied between the examined years (Fig. 2). A significant decrease in the total annual sum of precipitation was recorded in 2011 in Rad-milovac (472.6 mm). The amount and the distribution of precipitation could affect the quality of grapes and wines (JONES and DAVIS 2000). Clones (R4 and 667) phenology in the two growing regions are presented in Fig. 3. In Radmilovac region, veg-etation began earlier than in the Vrsac area. Thus, it ap-pears that cultivar and environmental factors affected the phenological phases. In particular, the onset and duration of certain phenophases seemed to be conditioned by the temperature. This finding is in agreement with PETRIE and SANDARS (2008): an increase in the air temperature could produce an advance in the start of phenophases and an ef-fect on the ripening length in grapes. The Table shows grape yield, bunch and berry proper-ties and quality parameters of grape and wine. Grape yield of the clones depended on the interaction of growing region and year of investigation (F = 4.16, p < 0.05). Bunch and berry characteristics, except berry mass, showed signifi-cant differences compared to the clones, localities, weather conditions of the year, and interaction between them. The tested parameters of grape quality showed different levels of variation. Sugar content in the must mainly depended on the clone (F = 4.85, p < 0.05), weather conditions of the year (F = 26.07, p < 0.01), interactions between cultivation area and year (F = 4.27, p < 0.05). BERTHAUT and MORVAN Fig. 1: Mean monthly air temperatures in 2009, 2010 and 2011 recorded in the two wine growing regions in Serbia: Radmilovac and Vrsac.Fig. 2: Mean monthly sums of precipitation in 2009, 2010 and 2011 recorded in the two wine growing regions in Serbia: Rad-milovac and Vrsac.Fig. 3: Phenology recorded at the Radmilovac and Vrsac wine growing region. Characterization and adaptation of some 'Pinot Noir' clones to the Serbian grape growing regions 149T a b l eMean values of yield; bunch and berry characteristics; and grape and wine quality of investigated clones in two wine growing regions in Serbia: Radmilovac (R) and Vrsac (V)Clone Locality Year GYMean values of investigated characteristicsBunch and berry characteristics Grape quality WineBM BL BW BEM SU AC FB AB PW AWR4R2009 2.04 79.00 8.82 5.62 1.01 23.12 5.84 157.69 72.87 873.25 78.392010 1.46 88.00 10.10 7.00 0.97 22.46 6.70 161.33 70.95 913.31 80.882011 1.56 93.60 9.62 4.80 0.94 24.76 4.88 278.19 72.98 961.33 85.68V2009 1.58 96.00 8.30 6.00 1.10 22.68 6.62 170.96 46.55 1047.68 84.072010 1.98 100.00 8.98 3.92 0.99 23.40 6.04 304.79 93.82 984.41 84.552011 1.66 104.00 10.04 5.34 1.05 25.18 4.66 215.25 78.98 985.93 88.09667R2009 1.56 107.00 11.72 4.90 1.08 23.32 5.96 165.88 71.43 924.72 81.662010 1.40 102.00 10.50 6.44 1.19 22.10 6.40 188.08 75.16 908.42 82.342011 1.50 96.60 13.20 5.68 0.95 24.46 6.94 207.67 65.66 908.53 89.15V2009 1.50 115.00 9.20 5.30 1.30 22.78 6.64 211.64 67.34 965.49 85.062010 1.86 95.00 10.98 4.46 0.90 22.88 6.44 230.56 78.19 1015.62 84.702011 1.78 112.20 10.36 4.54 1.04 23.30 5.02 200.54 70.61 996.46 84.46Source of variation Values of F testClone (C) 1.12 5.69* 23.08** 0.83 1.04 4.85* 10.83** 1.50 0.36 1.21 2.73Locality (L) 1.72 4.11* 8.42** 10.75** 0.37 0.00 2.59 6.54* 0.25 142.69** 13.91**Year (Y) 0.09 0.47 4.55* 0.96 1.63 26.07** 22.64** 7.52** 16.00** 0.76 23.84**C x L 0.66 0.70 3.03 0.14 0.32 2.16 1.85 0.03 0.01 0.65 9.69**C x Y 0.71 1.78 0.48 0.95 0.38 2.94 8.10** 3.07 6.52** 2.25 1.26L x Y 4.16* 0.56 1.05 12.62** 2.02 4.27* 15.00** 10.51** 15.17** 4.52* 8.76**C x L x Y 0.39 0.54 4.32* 2.66 0.99 1.34 6.86** 4.59* 7.92** 19.05** 2.43** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05. GY-grape yield (kg per vine); BM-bunch mass (g); BL-bunch length (cm); BW-bunch width (cm); BEM-berry mass (g); SU-sugar content in the must (%); AC-acid content in the must (g∙L-1 of tartaric acid equivalent); PB-total phenol content in berry skin (mg∙kg-1 grapes); AB-antioxidant activity in berry skin (inhibition %); PW-total phenol content in wine (mg∙L-1); AW-antioxidant activity in wine (inhibition %).specific features of the experimental vineyards among the examined years showed the suitability of these growing re-gions for the studied 'Pinot Noir' clones.AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Sci-ence and Technological Development of Republic Serbia, Project III43007. Joint publication of the COST Action FA1003 "East-West Collaboration for Grapevine Diversity Exploration and Mo-bilization of Adaptive Traits for Breeding". ReferencesA.O.A.C.; 1984: Officials Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemicts. Washington, D.C., USA.BERTHAUT, A.; MORVAN, G.; 2012: Influence of pedoclimatic factors dur-ing berry ripening in Burgundy. Proc. IX Int. Terroirs Congr. 2, 5-8. CARBONNEAU, A.; BOIDRON, R.; 2012: 'Pinot Noir': an endemic or a flexible variety? Proc. IX Int. Terroirs Congr. 2, 21-24. DELOIRE, A.; LOPEZ, F.; CARBONNEAU, A.; 2002: Réponses de la vigne et terroir. Eléments pour une méthode d’étude. Progr. Agric. Vitic. 119, 78-86. JONES, G.; DAVIS, R.; 2000: Climate influences on grapevine phenology, grape composition, and wine production and quality for Bordeaux, France. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 51, 249-261.MAZZA, G.; VELIOGLU, Y.S.; 1992: Anthocyanins and other phenolic com-pounds in fruits of red-flesh apples. Food Chem. 43, 113-117.MULLINS, M. G.; BOUQUET, A.; WILLIAMS, L. E.; 1992: The cultivated grapevine. In: Biology of the grapevine, 147-202. Cambridge Univ. Press.PETRIE, P. R.; SANDARS, V. O.; 2008: Advancement of grapevine maturity in Australia between 1993 and 2006: putative causes, magnitude of trends and viticultural consequences. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 14, 33-45.REVILLA, E.; ALONSO, E.; KOVAČ, V.; 1997: The content of catechins and procyanidins in grapes and wines as affected by agroecological fac-tors and technological practices. Am. Chem. Soc. 7, 69-80.RUML, M.; VUKOVIĆ, A.; VUJADINOVIĆ, M.; ĐURĐEVIĆ, V.; RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, Z.; ATANACKOVIĆ, Z.; SIVČEV, B.; MARKOVIĆ, N.; MATIJAŠEVIĆ, S.; PETROVIĆ, N.; 2012: On the use of regional climate models: Implica-tions of climate change for viticulture in Serbia. Agric. Forest Me-teorol. 158-159, 53-62.SANTINI, D.; CASCIO, P.; MAZZA, G.; MANNINI, F.; 2009-2010: Influence of different environments on grape phenolic and aromatic composition of three clones of 'Nebiolo' (Vitis Vinifera L.). Quad. Vitic. Enol. Univ. Torino 31, 103-106.SPAYD, S. E.; TARARA, J. M.; MEE, D. L.; FERGUSON, J. C.; 2002: Separa-tion of sunlight and temperature effects on the composition of Vitis vinifera cv. 'Merlot' berries. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 53, 171-182.STEFANINI, M.; IACONO, F.; DE MICHELI, L.; PORRO, D.; 1995: Adaptability of 'Pinot Noir' clones to different altitudes. Acta Hortic. 388, 71-76.TONIETTO, J.; CARBONNEAU, A.; 2004: A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide. Agric. Forest Mete-orol. 124, 81-97.

English

https://ojs.openagrar.de/index.php/VITIS/article/download/5016/4803

Characterization and adaptation of some 'Pinot Noir' clones to the environmental conditions of Serbian grape growing regions

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

AgroSpace

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)