Aquaponic production combines intensive production with waste recycling and water conservation. Aquaponic join recirculating aquaculture with hydroponics to use nutrient waste from aquaculture as an input to plant growth. Traditional aquaculture systems treat or dispose nutrient-rich wastewater. In aquaponics, the waste products from the fish are converted by a bio-filter into soluble nutrients which are absorbed by the plants, and allow ‘clean’ water to be returned back to the fish. Thus, it produces valuable fish protein with a minimal pollution of fresh water resources, while at the same time producing horticultural crops. Fish in aquaponic production systems can be raised in ponds, tanks, or other containers. Plants are grown separately in hydroponic tanks, submerged in water but suspended in gravel, sand, perlite, or porous plastic films, as well as on floating rafts. Systems vary greatly in design and construction, but most perform the following key functions: finfish and plant production, removal of suspended solids, and bacterial nitrification. This review discusses applications, effects and perspective of aquaponics.Akvaponika kombinuje intenzivnu proizvodnju sa reciklažom otpadnih materija i očuvanjem vode, i povezuje akvakulturu sa hidroponikom u cilju korišćenja hranljivih materija iz akvakulture za rast biljaka. U tradicionalnoj akvakulturi, otpadna voda bogata hranljivim materijama se ne koristi. U akvaponici, produkti nastali prilikom gajenja riba se pomoću biofiltera konvertuju u rastvorljive materije koje biljke apsorbuju, a “čista” voda se vraća ponovo u proizvodnju. Na ovaj način se omogućava proizvodnja visoko vrednih animalnih proteina, uz minimalno zagađenje vode, dok se istovremeno dobijaju proizvodi hortikulture. Postoji veliki broj sistema za gajenje, različitog dizajna i konstrukcije, ali se svi baziraju na zadovoljavanju ključnih funkcija: proizvodnji riba i biljaka, uklanjanju rastvorenih materija i bakterijskoj nitrifikaciji. U radu su prikazani primena, efekti i perspektive akvaponike

Jakić-Dimić, Dobrila

Ljubojević, Dragana

Marković, Zoran

Milićević, Vesna

Radosavljević, Vladimir

Zutić, Jadranka

Ćirković, Miroslav

Archives of Veterinary Medicine

English

AgroSpace

Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....72U POTRAZI ZA NAJBOLJIM REŠENJEM: AKVAPONIKAVladimir Radosavljević1, Miroslav Ćirković2, Dragana Ljubojević2 , Dobrila Jakić-Dimić1, Zoran Marković3, Jadranka Zutić1, Vesna Milićević11Naučni institut za veterinarstvo Srbije, Beograd2Naučni institut za veterinarstvo “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad3Poljoprivredni fakultet, BeogradKratak sadržajAkvaponika kombinuje intenzivnu proizvodnju sa reciklažom otpad-nih materija i očuvanjem vode, i povezuje akvakulturu sa hidroponikom u cilju korišć enja hranljivih materija iz akvakulture za rast biljaka. U tra-dicionalnoj akvakulturi, otpadna voda bogata hranljivim materijama se ne koristi. U akvaponici, produkti nastali prilikom gajenja riba se pomoću bio-fi ltera konvertuju u rastvorljive materije koje biljke apsorbuju, a “čista” voda se vraća ponovo u proizvodnju. Na ovaj način se omogućava proizvodnja visoko vrednih animalnih proteina, uz minimalno zagađenje vode, dok se istovremeno dobijaju proizvodi hortikulture. Postoji veliki broj sistema za gajenje, različitog dizajna i konstrukcije, ali se svi baziraju na zadovolja-vanju ključnih funkcija: proizvodnji riba i biljaka, uklanjanju rastvorenih materija i bakterijskoj nitrifi kaciji. U radu su prikazani primena, efekti i perspektive akvaponike.Ključne reči: Akvaponika, akvakultura, ribeINTRODUCTIONAquaponics has been considered as a sustainable agriculture system that amalgamates aquaculture and hydroponics in an enclosed symbiotic envi-ronment (Nelson, 2008). Th e word ‘aquaponics’ is derived from a combination of ‘aquaculture’ and ‘hydroponics’, and refers to the integration of hydroponic plant/vegetable production with aquaculture. It is a bio-integrated system lin-king recirculating aquaculture with hydroponic production of plants such as vegetables, culinary or medicinal herbs. Aquaponics may provide an eff ective and effi  cient means to provide both animal protein (fi sh) and mineral and vi-tamin sources (fresh vegetables) to populations where water/and or fertilizer resources are limited with a minimum of environmental pollution. Th e basic principals of aquaponics is that fi sh are fed “waste plant and ani-mal material”, which they convert into protein. Th e waste material from the Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....73fi sh is then used by plants as the nutrient source, and the water is then re-circulated back to the fi sh tank. An essential component of this is a biofi lter (between the fi sh and the plants) which essentially comprises bacteria which converts the waste products from the fi sh into soluble nutrients for the plants. An absolutely critical component of this is the conversion of urea (excreted by the fi sh) into nitrite, and then nitrate because high levels of urea in the water are toxic to fi sh. Th e solid waste (fi sh faeces and unconsumed food) is usually fi ltered off  and converted into soluble nutrients in a separate bypass.DesignAquaponic systems are usually designed as an enclosed recirculating system, but a few systems can be open, depending upon environmental fac-tors. Fish or other aquatic organisms are reared in tanks and excrete nutrient-rich waste or effl  uents into the water. Metabolic byproducts excreted by fi sh, unionized ammonia NH3-N, ionized ammonia NH4+-N, or combined equal Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) are oxidized and broken down into nitrite (NO2 --N) by nitrifying bacteria of the genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosovibrio. Genera that oxidize nitrite to nitrate (NO3--N) include Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus, Nitrospira, and Nitrospina (Timmons and Ebeling, 2007). Th ese nitrifying bacteria are also known to be light sensitive (Yoshioka and Saijo, 1984). Mineralization also occurs, releasing essential inorganic nutrients into the water for plant uptake (Timmons and Ebeling 2007). Th ese dissolved nutrients accumulate and reach concentrations equal to hydroponic nutrient solutions (Timmons and Ebeling 2007). Th e wa-ter is continuously circulated to hydroponically grown crops that absorb non-toxic nutrients from the water to fulfi ll growth requirements. Th e water is then circulated back to the rearing tanks where the process starts again. Th ere are multiple aquaponic system designs that have been analyzed and utilized for crop production. Depending upon the system scale there are fi ve main components to an aquaponic system: rearing tank, solids removal, bio-fi lter, hydroponic subsystem, and sump (Rakocy and Hargreaves, 1993). Some systems are able to eliminate one or two of the components, and scale and primary production focus are the key factors determining the system design. Some aquaponic systems are able to effi  ciently operate with the use of hydropo-nic subsystems acting as a biofi lter. Th is is possible with the aid of media such as hydroton, pea gravel, and expanded shale (Rakocy 1984; McMurtry et al. 1990). Floating raft  hydroponics also known as DWC, which utilize polystyre-ne sheets and net pots for plant support, may also provide adequate biofi ltrati-on provided the hydroponic subsystem is large enough (Rakocy 1995). When utilizing media within hydroponic subsystems, care must be taken to prevent an overload of suspended solids; therefore, media fi lled subsystems are not Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....74ideal for commercial scale production (Timmons and Ebeling 2007). One of the most important components of an aquaponic system is the hydroponic subsystem: media fi lled, NFT, and DWC (Lennard and Leonard 2006). A media fi lled hydroponic subsystem contains a grow bed fi lled with a soilless medium for plant support. Popular soilless media include hydroton (expanded clay pebbles), gravel, sand, and perlite. Th e NFT system consists of troughs that expose suspended plant roots (net cup) to a thin fi lm of water. DWC is similar to the media fi lled subsystem but instead of using media in the hydroponic bed, a fl oating raft  (polystyrene sheets and net cup) supports the plants. Currently there are two main irrigation methods for hydroponic su-bsystems, fl ood and drain or continuous fl ow. Flood and drain system uses a siphon to periodically drain water when it reaches a specifi ed level. A continuo-us fl ow system allows water to constantly run throughout the system (Rakocy et al. 2006). Lennard and Leonard (2006) found that hydroponic subsystem design and water fl ow have a signifi cant eff ect on Green oak lettuce (Lactuca sativa) yield where media>DWC>NFT; NFT systems were 20% less effi  cient in nitrate removal. Lastly, producers should realize that diff ering aquaponic or hydroponic methods (system designs) do not alter the genotypic charac-teristics of plants. Production will not surpass genetic limitations regardless of growing techniques, and plants will reach peak production when optimum requirements are met (nutrient assimilation, light, temperature, etc.). Fish Th ere is no real limitation on the types of fi sh which can be used. Today it is common to grow Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), channel catfi sh (Icta-lurus punctatus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and various carp spe-cies (Cyprinus sp.), in aquaponic systems. Tilapia appear to be one of the most popular species of fi sh reared in aquaponic systems, because the warm tempe-ratures for optimal growth of tilapia are also needed for the growth of plants (Rakocy and McGinty, 1989).Other species of fi sh that are reared in aquaponic systems in include lar-gemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), sturgeon (Acipenser spp.), baramun-di (Lates calcarifer), sunfi sh (Family Centrarchidae), bream (Abramis brama), pacu (Family Characidae), red claw lobster or crayfi sh, and ornamental fi sh such as angelfi sh (Pterophyllum scalare), guppies (Poecilia reticulata), te-tras (Family Chiracidae), gouramis (Family Belontiidae), swordfi sh (Family Xiphiidae), mollies (Family Poeciliidae).PlantsCommon plants that do well in aquaponic systems include various lettuce Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....75(Lactuca spp.), tomato (Solanum spp.), spinach, and herb species including sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), mint, watercress, chives, and most common house plants. Species of plants that have higher nutritional demands and will do well only in heavily stocked, well established aquaponic systems include to-matoes, peppers, cucumbers, beans, peas, and squash, among others (Rakocy, 1999). Many of the fruit vegetables (tomato, pepper, cucumber, melon, etc) appe-ar to require higher levels of nutrients in hydroponics, than the leafy vegeta-bles. Nutrient wastes from tanks are used to fertilize production beds via the water. Th e roots of plants and associated rhizosphere bacteria remove nutri-ents from the water. Th ese nutrients, generated from the feces of fi sh, algae and decomposing feed, are contaminants that could otherwise increase to toxic le-vels in the tanks. Instead they act as liquid fertilizer for hydroponically grown plants. In turn, the hydroponic beds function as biofi lters, and the water can be recirculated to the tanks. Bacteria in the gravel and associated with the roots of the plants have a critical role to play in the cycling of nutrients; without these organisms, the system would stop functioning (Diver, 2006).Aquaponic plants are subject to many of the same pests and diseases that aff ect fi eld crops, although they seem to be less susceptible to attack from soil-borne pests and diseases. Because plants may absorb and concentrate therape-utic agents used to treat parasites and infectious diseases of fi sh, these products cannot be used in aquaponic systems.Even the common practice of adding salt to treat parasitic diseases of fi sh or to reduce nitrate toxicity would be deadly to plants. Instead, non-chemical methods are used, ie., biological control (resi-stant cultivars, predators, antagonistic organisms), barriers, traps, manipulati-on of he environment, etc.). It also seems that plants in aquaponic systems may be more resistant to diseases that aff ect those in hydroponic systems. Th is resi-stance may be due to the presence of some organic matter in the water, creating a stable, ecologically balanced growing environment with a wide diversity of microorganisms, some of which are antagonistic to pathogens that aff ect the roots of plants (Rakocy, 1999).CONCLUSIONSAquaponic system is advantageous compared to other agriculture produc-tion systems, and has become very popular today (Rakocy et al. 2006). Since aquaponic systems are designed as enclosed recirculating systems, their agri-cultural waste and environmental footprints decrease, compared to conven-tional agriculture practices. Furthermore, utilization of plants as a secondary Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....76crop reduces the pollution load (waste concentration) through nutrient uptake and assimilation (Timmons and Ebeling 2007). Nitrate accumulation has been shown to be reduced by 97% within aquaponic systems compared to regular recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) (Lennard 2006). Since water within systems is recirculated, the quantity of water needed to run the system is mi-nute compared to most fi sh and crop production systems. On average, 98% of the water in aquaponic systems is recycled for the duration of operation (Al-Hafedh et al. 2008). Th e periodical input of water is only necessary when too much water has evaporated from the system. Aquaponic systems decrease the amount of space needed to produce two crops at once. Th is allows plants and fi sh to be raised together within a relatively small environment. Aquaponics can range from an in-home counter top system to large sca-le commercial systems. Additionally aquaponics on average utilizes less than 1% of land compared to conventional agriculture systems. Along with space, aquaponic systems use fewer resources than average crop and fi sh production systems due to symbiotic relationships (Treadwell et al. 2010). For example, aquaponics utilizes 90-99% less water than conventional agriculture systems. Also, carbon dioxide (CO2) from fi sh rearing tanks can also be used to incre-ase crop production within an indoor facility (Timmons and Ebeling, 2007). Furthermore, aquaponic systems can be deployed in various environments allowing for year round crop production, and potentially a closer farmer-to-consumer interaction. Lastly, successful aquaponic systems utilize secondary crops that are of economic importance or benefi cial to the aquatic organisms being produced (Timmons and Ebeling, 2007). As with all food production systems, there are a few disadvantages with aquaponic systems. First, the ratio of hydroponic growing area compared to fi sh rearing surface area is relatively large. Ratios have been used ranging from 1:1 to 10:1, which are dependent upon the scale of the system, primary species of focus, and space. Another disadvantage includes the labor involved with plant management. Th e majority of aquaculturists do not have horticulture experience or knowledge, so additional personnel is oft en needed. Further-more, due to the close relationship between fi sh and plants within an aquapo-nic system, poor management practices can easily aff ect the sensitive system. Pesticides cannot be utilized within systems and thus, biological control or natural methods must be used to eliminate plant pests (Timmons and Ebeling 2007). When entering into a competitive market, aquaponic producers sho-uld evaluate competitors and their species of production. It has been stated that hydroponics can produce heads of lettuce cheaper than what aquaponic systems can produce (Ako and Baker 2009). Lastly, materials utilized for aqua-Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....77ponic production (hydroton, fi sh feed, etc) are not considered sustainable. For example, hydroton (clay) is mined from the earth, and fi sh feed may come from wild caught fi sheries or commodity crops. Th ese materials utilize nonre-newable resources for production and may also contribute to environmental pollutants. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTTh is study was fi nancially supported by a grant from the Ministry of Edu-cation and Science of the Republic of Serbia, under the project TR31075, TR-31011.LITERATURE1. Ako, H., and A. Baker.: Small-scale lettuce production with hydroponics or aquaponics. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Uni-versity of Hawaii at Manoa; Sustainable Agriculture SA-2 1-7, 2009.2. Al-Hafedh, Y. S., A. Alam, and M. S. Beltagi.: Food production and water conservation in a recirculating aquaponic system in Saudi Arabia at diff e-rent ratios of fi sh feed to plants. Journal of the world Aquaculture Society, 39, 4, 510-520, 2008.3. Diver, S.: Aquaponics-integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. NCAT Sustainable Agriculture Project, ATTRA. 1-28, 2006.4. Lennard, W. A., and B. V. Leonard.: A comparison of three diff erent hydro-ponic sub-systems (gravel bed, fl oating, and nutrient fi lm technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture  International 14, 539-550, 2006.5. McMurtry, M.R., P.V. Nelson, D.C. Sanders, and L. Hughes. Sand culture of vegetables using  recirculating aquaculture effl  uents. Journal of Applied Agricultural Research, 5, 4, 280-284, 1990.6. Nelson, R. L.: Aquaponic food production - raising fi sh and plants for food and profi t. Montello, WI: Nelson and Pade, Inc., 2008.7. Rakocy, J.E., and J.A. Hargreaves.: Integration of vegetable hydroponics with fi sh culture: a review. In: J.-K. Wang, Ed. Techniques for Modern Aquaculture. American Society of Agricultural Engineers: St. Joseph, MI; 112-136, 1993.8. Rakocy, J.E.: A recirculating system for tilapia culture and vegetable hydro-ponics. In: R.C. Smitherman and D. Tave (Eds.), Proceedings of the Au-burn Symposium on Fisheries and Aquaculture, Auburn University, Au-burn, AL; 103-114, 1984.Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 71 - 78, 2014 Radosavljević V. et al.: Searching for solutions....789. Rakocy, J.E.: Aquaponics: the integration of fi sh and vegetable culture in recirculating systems. In: M.C. Palada and C.C. Clarke, Eds. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society, St. Th o-mas, USVI; 101-108, 1995.10. Rakocy, J. E., M. P. Masser, and T. M. Losordo.: Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: Aquaponics- integrating fi sh and plant culture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center; SRAC Publication No. 454, 2006.11. Rakocy James E and McGinty Andrew S.: Pond culture of tilapia, Southern regional Aquaculture Center. SRAC publication No. 280, 1989.12. Rakocy, J.: Th e status of aquaponics, Part 1. Aquaculture Magazine 25, 4, 83-88, 1999. 13. Timmons, M.B., and J.M. Ebeling.: Recirculating Aquaculture. 2nd ed. Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center. Ithaca, NY: Cayuga Aqua Ventures; 2007.14. Treadwell, D., S. Taber, R. Tyson, and E. Simonne.: Foliar-applied micronutri-ents in aquaponics: A guide to use and sourcing. Horticultural Sciences De-partment, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agri-cultural Sciences, University of Florida; Publication No. HS1163:1-8, 2010.15. Yoshioka, T., and T. Saijo.: Photoinhibition and recovery of NH4+ oxidi-zing bacteria and NO2 - oxidizing bacteria. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 151-166, 1984.Primljeno: 15. 12.2014.Odobreno: 20.12.2014.Arhiv veterinarske medicine, Vol. 7, No. 2, 79 - 87, 2014 Milošević V. et al.: Development of a model ...79Review paper UDK 616.9:614.4DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF FLAVIVIRUSES IN HUMAN POPULATIONVesna Milošević 1*, Sandra Stefan Mikić2, Dušan Petrić3, Tamaš Petrović4, Jelena Radovanov1, Gordana Kovačević1, Ivana Hrnjaković Cvjetković11Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad2Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Novi Sad3Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad,4Scientifi c Veterinary Institute ”Novi Sad” Novi Sad,AbstractTh e aim of this study is development of a model for monitoring and control of vector-transmitted diseases, which manifest increasing tendency during the last few decades. Th e main infection reservoirs are domestic and wild animals as well as various birds, and the disease is transmitted to hu-mans indirectly - by vectors. Recently detected epidemics of Dengue virus, Chikungunya and West Nile virus in countries where these diseases are not common strongly indicate the expansion of infections transmitted by mo-squitoes and other vectors, and are the consequence of climatic changes, international trade and travelling. Currently, there are neither vaccines nor specifi c antiviral therapy for these infections, while the eff orts put on vec-tor control did not halt the rapid increase and global spread of the disease. Serological studies and molecular investigation on humans, mosquitoes, horses and birds have suggested the activity of fl aviviruses in Serbia. Th e obtained information on fl avivirus infections in our region are of use in modelling the control and vector monitoring and the prevention of these infections in humans. Keywords: fl avivirus infections, diagnosis, prevention1* E mail: vesna.milosevic@izjzv.org.rs

U potrazi za najboljim rešenjem - akvaponika

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U potrazi za najboljim rešenjem - akvaponika

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