Anatomical alterations of leaves of weed plant Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) caused by eriophyoid mite Aceria malherbae Nuzz. are described and quantified. Designated as compatible interaction, they are expressed in dedifferentiation of plant cells, hyperplasia of epidermal layer and their turn to so-called nutritive tissue. Curling of leaf edges emerge as the consequence of mesophyll hypertrophy. It provides protected microhabitat for the huge colony of eriophyoids.U radu su opisane i kvantifikovane promene na listovima korovske vrste Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) prouzrokovane ishranom eriofidne grinje Aceria malherbae Nuzz.(Acari:Eriophyoi-dea). Simptomi koji se manifestuju uvijanjem listova se mogu uvrstiti u kompatibilne interekcije tipa gala. Biljno tkivo na prisustvo i hranjenje grinja reaguje dediferencijacijom ćelija i hiperplazijom pre svega epidermalnog tkiva, pri čemu nastaje nutritivno tkivo kojim grinje nastavljaju da se hrane. Hipertrofija tkiva mezofila dovodi do uvijanja lista, pa se tako stvara relativno zaštićen prostor na licu lista u kome se razvija populacija grinja velike brojnosti. Dobijeni rezultati doprinose rasvetljavanju interakcije eriofida sa biljkom domaćinom

Petanović, Radmila

Rančić, Dragana

English

AgroSpace

ANATOMICAL ALTERATIONS OF CONVOLVULUS ARVENSISL. LEAVES CAUSED BY ERIOPHYOID MITEACERIA MALHERBAE NUZZ.D. RANČIĆ AND R. PETANOVIĆFaculty of Agriculture, Belgrade University, Nemanjina 6, SCG-11080 ZemunAnatomical alterations of leaves of weed plant Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae)caused by eriophyoid mite Aceria malherbae Nuzz. are described and quantified. Designatedas compatible interaction, they are expressed in dedifferentiation of plant cells, hyperplasia ofepidermal layer and their turn to so-called nutritive tissue. Curling of leaf edges emerge as theconsequence of mesophyll hypertrophy. It provides protected microhabitat for the huge colonyof eriophyoids.KEY WORDS: Convolvulus arvensis, Aceria malherbae, anatomical alterations, eriophyoidmitesINTRODUCTIONField bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. is an aggressive perennial weed ofMediterranean and Middle East origin, found throughout temperate regions of theworld (HOLM et al., 1977). Field bindweed’s long lived seeds and extensive rootsystem make it extremely difficult to control by chemical and mechanical means(ROSENTHAL,1983). In Europe, North and South America, C.arvensis is on the listof weeds recommended for biological control. Herbivores and pathogens for useagainst it have been studied in Europe since 1972 (ROSENTHAL & BUCKINGHAM,1982).Among phytophagous mites, eriophyoids are considered to be primary can-didates for biological control of weeds because of their ability to suppress plantgrowth and reproduction and inflict considerable damage to the host plant.Positive aspects of eriophyoid mites include host specificity, wind dispersability,site preference, and selectivity as to food, causing a slow decline of plant vigor.Acta entomologica serbica, 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136 UDC 595.42 (497.11)Large number can be used easily in conjunction with other control agents, e.g.microbial or beneficial insects and will not be competitive with these agents(CROMROY,1979).Three species of eriophyoid mites have been registered on C. arvensis:Aceria convolvuli (Nal.), A. malherbae Nuzz. and Aculus calistegiae Lamb(AMRINE & STASNY, 1994). Two of them, e.g. A. convolvuli and A. malherbae havebeen registered in Serbia and Montenegro (PETANOVIĆ & STANKOVIĆ, 1999). A.malherbae has been tested and released in the United States since 1987 (BOLD &SOBHIAN, 1983 ) and South Africa (CRAEMER,1996).Only morphological alterations, e.g. leaf furrowing along midrib, abnormalgrowth of very small tubercles from leaf epidermis and the plant distortion havebeen described in details (NUZZACI et al., 1985). Galled leaves become yellow-green or red . When mites attack the bud they also prevent natural stem growth andelongation (ROSENTHAL ,1996). In Serbia A. malherbae have been registered in Belgrade region ( localities:Radmilovac, Zemun, Novi Beograd, Galovica) and  Struganik (PETANOVIĆ &STANKOVIĆ, 1999), Krnule-Vladimirci, Belotić, Šabac, Srpski Miletić ( PETANOVIĆ,unpublished).The aim of the study was to describe and quantify the anatomical alterationsprovoked by infestation of eriophyoid mite Aceria malherbae . Results may helpto insight weed plant -mite relationship.MATERIALS AND METHODSAnatomy of leaves was described from permanent microscopic preparations.Slides were prepared using standard method for light microscopy ( JENSEN,1962,BLAŽENČIĆ,1988). Cross sections of plant material (5-7 μm thick) have beenstained afterwards with saphranine and alcian blue. Preparations have beenobserved under LEICA DMLS microscop. Photographs have been taken usingLEICA DC 300 digital camera. In order to define main differences on the anatom-ical level following characters have been measured: thickness of leaf, high of epi-dermal cells of upper surface of leaf, thickness of mesophyll and high of epider-mal cells of undersurface of leaf. Measurements have been taken using softwarepackage IM 1000, comparatively for four zones of each leaf: the leaf edge, centralpart,  close to the main vein and the zone of the main vein. 45 measurements havebeen done on 15 uninfested and 15 infested leaves. Statistical analysis has beendone using programs package SPSS 8.0. For each of mentioned characters mainparameters of descriptive statistics have been calculated: mean, minimum, maxi-Acta ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites130mum and standard deviation. Significant differences between infested and unin-fested plants were strengthened carrying out unifactorial analysis of variance(ANOVA).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONUninfested leaves of C. arvensis are symmetrical dorsoventraly with promi-nent main vein on cross section (Fig.1). Surface of leaves is covered with one layerof epidermal cells, thick 23-25 μm on upper and 17-18μm on under side, respec-tively. Mesophyll is thick 110-120μm and differentiated into palisade and spongytissues (Tab.1).On cross sections of infested leaves tissue hypertrophy is observed, mostprominent in the zone of the main vein. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of tissueclose to the vein lead to the leaf  face to face folding.(Fig. 2). In this zone meso-phyll is twice thicker in comparison with uninfested leaves (Tab.II  Fig.5).Epidermal cells of undersurface of leaves in the zone of the main vein are extreme-ly large, almost twice larger in comparison with epidermal cells of uninfestedleaves. Typical epidermal cells of upper surface of leaves in the zone of the mainvein or close by are not observed. Instead, another type of smaller cells are devel-oped in palisade like arrangement (Fig.3). They have dense cytoplasm and promi-nent nuclei (Fig 4). These cells undergo transverse and longitudinal cleavage andsuppose to be nutritive tissue. Nutritive cells serves  to feed mites (WESTPHAL etal, 1981, ROYALTY & PERRING,1996). According to the classification of symptomsActa ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites 131 Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Epidermis of upper surface –leaf base 12.00 37.70 23.90 4.54 Mesophyll- leaf base 61.60 143.80 108.80 22.70 Epidermis of under surface - leaf base 9.60 26.50 17.88 4.24 Epidermis of uppersurface-central part 9.60 38.00 24.20 6.55 Mesophyll-centarl part 72.50 168.60 118.24 25.72 Epidermis undersurface-central part 6.10 27.90 17.45 5.13 Epidermis of upper surface-close to vein 16.70 42.70 25.79 6.27 Mesophyll-close to vein 79.40 166.80 125.48 24.07 Epidermis of undersurface-close to vein 9.20 27.50 18.73 4.76 Epidermis of upper surface-main vein 13.80 39.00 23.16 5.11 Mesophyll-main vein 194.40 320.30 263.23 29.60 Epidermis of under surface- main vein 18.20 33.50 23.59 3.18  Table I. Uninfested Convolvulus arvensis-descriptive statistics(WESTPHAL & MANSON,1996) alterations  caused by A. malherbae can be consid-ered as leaf galls.Statistically significant differences (p < 0.5) between uninfested and infestedleaves are presented in last column with mark +; nssd-no statistically significant dif-ferences between uninfested and infested leavesActa ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites132 Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Stat. Sign.  Diff. Epidermis of upper surface –leaf base 9.30 28.80 18.74 5.65 + Mesophyll- leaf base 65.30 132.10 101.65 18.41 nssd Epidermis of under surface - leaf base 8.80 26.10 16.61 4.39 nssd Epidermis of uppersurface-central part 9.70 34.90 20.50 5.79 + Mesophyll-centarl part 80.90 216.10 113.48 28.77 nssd Epidermis undersurface-central part 8.00 29.20 17.91 5.66 nssd Epidermis of upper surface-close to vein 6.80 27.80 16.19 4.50 + Mesophyll-close to vein 60.20 446.40 209.32 83.69 + Epidermis of undersurface-close to vein 15.90 60.70 36.46 10.17 + Epidermis of upper surface-main vein 4.70 17.10 11.59 3.38 + Mesophyll-main vein 194.40 407.50 275.65 48.88 nssd Epidermis of under surface- main vein 19.40 67.00 31.80 10.14 +  Table II. Infested  Convolvulus arvense leaves-descriptive statistics Ms Eup Eun Mv Fig 1. Cross section of uninfested leaf of Convolvulus arvensis (x100); Eup-upper epider-mis; Eun-under epidermis; Ms-mezophyll; Mv-main vein.Acta ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites 133 Mv Eup Eun Ms Fig 2. Cross section of infested leaf of Convolvulus arvensis (x100); Eup-upper epidermis;Eun-under epidermis; Ms-mezofil; Mv-main vein,  Arrow-eriophyid mite Nt Fig 3. Cross section of infested leaf of Convolvulus arvensis (x200); Nt-nutritive tissue;arrow-cross section of the eriphyid mite.Acta ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites134 Nt Fig 4. Cross section of infested leaf of Convolvulus arvensis (x1000); Nt-nutritive tissue.Convolvulus arvense050100150200250300leafbasecentralpartclose toveinmainveinEUPP UNINEUPP IN MESUNINMESINEUND UNINEUND IN Fig 5. Comparative data of quantitative parameters of infested and uninfested  leaves;EUPP UNIN-upper surface epidermis of uninfested leaves; EUPP IN-upper surface epi-dermis of infested leaves; MESUNIN-mosophyll of uninfested leaves; MESIN-mesophyllof infested leaves; EUND UNIN-undersurface epidermis of uninfested leaves; EUND IN-undersurface epidermis of infested leaves.REFERENCESAMRINE, J.W.JR. AND T.A. STASNY. 1994. Catalog of the Eriophyoidea(Acarina:Prostigmata) of the world. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield,Michigan,USA, 804 pp.BLAŽENČIĆ, J. 1988: A Mannual of Plant Anatomy with Elements of Microscopy. Naučnaknjiga, Beograd. BOLD, P.E, R.SOBHIAN (1993): Release and establishment of Aceria malherbac (AcariEriophyidese) for control field bindwind in Texas - Environ. Entomol 2/1): 234-237.CRAMER C. (1996): Eriophyid mites released for the biological control of field bindweed -Plant Protecition News, 9-10.CROMROY, ,H.L. 1979. Eriophyoidea in biological control of weeds. In: J.G. Rodriguez(ed.)Recent advances in Acarology,Vol.I Academic Press ,New York, USA,pp.473-475.HOLM, L., D.L. PLUCKETT, J.V. PANSHO, J.P. HERBERGER (1977) The worlds worst veeds.University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.JENSEN, W. A. 1962: Botanical Histochemistry: Principles and Practice.W. H. Freeman andCo., San Francsco and London, 408pNUZZACI, G.T., MIMOCHI, S.L. CLEMENT (1989.): A new species of Aceria (Acari:Eriophyidae) from Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) with Notes on othereriophyid associates of convolvulaceous plants. Entomologica XX, Bari, 16.XII : 81-89.PETANOVIĆ, R. AND S. STANKOVIĆ. 1999. Catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acari:Prostigmata)of Serbia and Montenegro. Acta  ent. serb.Special issue. pp.1-143.ROSENTHAL, S. S. 1996. Biological Control of Weeds. Aceria, Epitrimerus and AculusSpecies and Biological Control of Weeds. In: Eriophyoid Mites-Their Biology,Natural Enemies and Control  .E.E. Lindquist, M.W. Sabelis and J .Bruin ( Eds.)Elsevier Scinece. B.V. pp. 729-739.ROSENTHAL , S.S. (1983) Current Status and Potential for Biological Control of FiledBindweed, Convolvulus arvensis, with Aceria convolvuli, In: Hoy, M.A., G.L.Cunninghati and L.Knutson (eds) Biological Control of Pests by Mites. University ofCalifornia, Spec.Publ. No 3304, PP 57-60.ROSENTHAL , S.S., G.R.Buckingham (1982.): Nautral Enemies of Convolvulus arvensis inWestern Mediterranean Europe, Hulgardia, 50: 1-19.ROYALITY, R.N. AND T.M. PERRING 1996. Nature of damage and its Assessment. In.Lindquist, E.E., M.W. Sabelis and J. Bruin (Eds.). Eriophyoid Mites, Their Biology,Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier Sciences, B.V. pp. 493-512. Acta ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites 135WESTPHAL , E., R. BRONNER, M. LE RET 1981. Changes in leaves of susceptible and resis-tant Solnum dulcamara infested by the gall mite Eriophyes cladophthirus (Acarina,Eriophyoidea). Can .J.Bot., 59:875-882.WESTPHAL , E. , MANSON, D.C. 1996. feeding Effects on Host plants: Gall Formation andOther Distortions. In:Eriophyoid Mites-Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control.E. E. Lindquist, M.W. Sabelis and J .Bruin ( Eds.) Elsevier Scinece. B.V. pp.  231-241.АНАТОМСКЕ ПРОМЕНЕ ЛИСТОВА CONVOLVULUSARVENSIS L. ПРОУЗРОКОВАНЕ ЕРИОФИДОМ ACERIAMALHERBAE NUZZ.Д. РАНчИћ И Р. ПЕТАНОВИћИ з в о дУ раду су описане и квантификоване промене на листовима коро-вске врсте Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) проузрокованеисхраном ериофидне гриње Aceria malherbae Nuzz.(Acari:Eriophyoi-dea). Симптоми који се манифестују увијањем листова се могу уврсти-ти у компатибилне интерекције  типа гала. Биљно ткиво на присуствои храњење гриња реагује дедиференцијацијом ћелија и хиперплазијомпре свега епидермалног ткива, при чему настаје нутритивно ткивокојим гриње настављају да се хране. Хипертрофија ткива мезофила до-води до увијања листа , па се тако ствара релативно заштићен просторна лицу листа у коме се развија популација гриња велике бројности. Добијени резултати доприносе расветљавању интеракције ерио-фида са биљком домаћином.Received February 29, 2004Accepted April 02, 2004Acta ent. serb., 2002, 7 (1/2): 129-136D. RANČIĆ & R. PETANOVIĆ: Convolvulus arvensis and Aceria malherbae eriophyoid mites136

Anatomske promene listova Convolvulus arvensis L. prouzrokovane eriofidom Aceria malherbae Nuzz

http://aspace.agrif.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/id/3330/481.pdf

Anatomske promene listova Convolvulus arvensis L. prouzrokovane eriofidom Aceria malherbae Nuzz

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

AgroSpace