In 1980–1984, reforestation of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia) was carried out. Birch stands were created on the dumps of overburdened rocks. The authors studied the agrochemical properties of soils, described the state of birch stands and established the patterns of metalaccumulation in birch organs 35 years after reforestation. It is established that 35 years after planting birch trees on the dumps, the trees are characterized as ‘healthy’. The concentration of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in birch organs changes in the following sequence: root system &gt; bark &gt; shoots &gt; leaves. Soil formation processes are noted in birch stands on dumps. The upper (0–20 cm) soil layer acidity shifted bytwo units to the acidic side. There is a slight decrease in the content of phosphorus and the exchange forms of calcium and magnesium. Thus, birch is a promising tree species for the reforestation of mining industry dumps.
Keywords: dumps, reforestation, Betula pendula Roth, metal accumulation, soil formation processe

Giniyatullin, R Kh

Kulagin, A Yu

Zaitsev, G A

KnE Life Sciences

English

In 1980–1984, reforestation of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia) was carried out. Birch stands were created on the dumps of overburdened rocks. The authors studied the agrochemical properties of soils, described the state of birch stands and established the patterns of metal accumulation in birch organs 35 years after reforestation. It is established that 35 years after planting birch trees on the dumps, the trees are characterized as `healthy'. The concentration of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in birch organs changes in the following sequence: root system > bark > shoots > leaves. Soil formation processes are noted in birch stands on dumps. The upper (0–20 cm) soil layer acidity shifted by two units to the acidic side. There is a slight decrease in the content of phosphorus and the exchange forms of calcium and magnesium. Thus, birch is a promising tree species for the reforestation of mining industry dumps.The research was carried out using the equipment of the common use center Agide

Kulagin, A. Yu.

Zaitsev, G. A.

Giniyatullin, R. Kh.

Institutional repository of Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N.Yeltsin

Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThe fourth International Scientiﬁc Conference onEcology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesVolume 2018Conference PaperReforestation of Brown Coal Dumps inBashkortostan: Characteristics of the Soil andthe Condition of Birch (Betula pendula Roth)Stands (Results of a 35-year Experiment)A. Yu. Kulagin, G. A. Zaitsev, and R. Kh. GiniyatullinUfa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences,450054 Ufa, RussiaAbstractIn 1980–1984, reforestation of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit(Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia) was carried out. Birch stands were created onthe dumps of overburdened rocks. The authors studied the agrochemical propertiesof soils, described the state of birch stands and established the patterns of metalaccumulation in birch organs 35 years after reforestation. It is established that 35years after planting birch trees on the dumps, the trees are characterized as ‘healthy’.The concentration of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in birch organs changes in thefollowing sequence: root system > bark > shoots > leaves. Soil formation processesare noted in birch stands on dumps. The upper (0–20 cm) soil layer acidity shifted bytwo units to the acidic side. There is a slight decrease in the content of phosphorusand the exchange forms of calcium and magnesium. Thus, birch is a promising treespecies for the reforestation of mining industry dumps.Keywords: dumps, reforestation, Betula pendula Roth, metal accumulation, soilformation processes1. IntroductionDuring mineral deposit exploitation, dumps from overburdened rocks are formed,which leads to ecosystem destruction and environment pollution [1, 2]. Reforestationof mining industry dumps is carried out to reduce secondary pollution of the envi-ronment during wind and water erosion and to restore biological productivity [3, 4].The study of the condition of tree stands makes it possible to evaluate the results ofdump reforestation and determine the prospects for the elimination of accumulatedenvironmental damage. The purpose of the study was to examine the state of birchHow to cite this article: A. Yu. Kulagin, G. A. Zaitsev, and R. Kh. Giniyatullin, (2018), “Reforestation of Brown Coal Dumps in Bashkortostan:Characteristics of the Soil and the Condition of Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Stands (Results of a 35-year Experiment)” in The fourth InternationalScientific Conference on Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities, KnE Life Sciences, pages 104–109. DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227Page 104Corresponding Author:A. Yu. Kulagincoolagin@list.ruReceived: 12 September 2018Accepted: 15 October 2018Published: 29 October 2018Publishing services provided byKnowledge EA. Yu. Kulagin et al. Thisarticle is distributed under theterms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use andredistribution provided that theoriginal author and source arecredited.Selection and Peer-reviewunder the responsibility of theEcology and Geography ofPlants and Plant CommunitiesConference Committee.Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesstands, evaluate themetal accumulation features in woody plants and characterize soilcover formation after reforestation of the dump of the Kumertau brown coal depositbetween 1980 and 2017.2. MethodsThe objects of research were birch (Betula pendula Roth) stands planted in 1980–1984after the reforestation of the dump of the Kumertau brown coal deposit. Estimationof the life state of birch stands was carried out by the Alekseev method [5]. Selectionof plant and soil samples was carried out during the vegetation period (from June toAugust). For the determination ofmetal content, the plant and soil sampleswere ashedin a mufﬂe furnace at a temperature of 450 ∘C. To determine the mobile forms, soilsamples were extracted with an ammonium acetate buffer with a pH 4.8. The contentof copper, zinc, lead and cadmium was determined. The content of the metal totaland the active forms in the soil was determined by atomic absorption spectrometryin the Contr-AA (Analitic) [6]. The metal content in plant samples was determinedon a STA (MU 08–47/136) using an inversion voltammetric method. Ecotoxicologicalassessment of soils was determined by the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)of metals. The humus content was determined from the concentration of organic mat-ter (GOST 26213–91) with subsequent transfer to the total carbon. The acidity and thetotal absorbed bases were determined by the Kappen method (GOST 27821–88). Thecomposition of the absorbed bases (Ca2+ and Mg2+) was determined by the CINAOmethod (GOST 26487–85). The content of active phosphorus and potassiumwas deter-mined by theMachiginmethodwith CINAOmodiﬁcation (GOST 26205–91). The nitrogencontent was determined by the Cornﬁeld method. The obtained data were processedwith conventional statistical methods.3. ResultsBirch plantations growing on the dump (L𝑉 = 93.3%) and in control soil (L𝑉 = 93.6%)are characterized as ‘healthy’. Geologically, the dumps are characterized by great het-erogeneity and are represented by sedimentary rocks [7] – conglomerates, sandstone,limestone, ancient alluvial sands and pebbles, Permian and Tertiary clay. These containa wide range of chemical elements: copper, zinc, cobalt, calcium, manganese andothers. Of these elements, the greatest danger to the environment is presented bycopper, zinc, lead, and cadmium. In dumps and control soils under birch stands, theDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 105Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiescontent of the total forms of copper, zinc and cadmium corresponds to MAC, with theexception of the control soils, where one ﬁnds that zinc exceeds MAC 2.2 times (Table1). The content of metal active forms in dumps is much lower than the backgroundlevel and MAC.T˔˕˟˘ 1: The content of total and mobile forms of metals (mg/kg) in birch (Betula pendula Roth) stands onthe dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit (n = 30).Cu Zn Pb CdTotal Forms ActiveFormsTotal Forms ActiveFormsTotal Forms ActiveFormsTotal Forms ActiveFormDumps13.60 ±1.860.66 ±0.09*78.08 ±48.50*0.57 ± 0.04 10.27 ±0.37**0.22 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.10 0.09 ± 0.02Control (leached chernozem)13.67 ± 1.06 0.36 ± 0.04 192.0 ±11.581.43 ± 0.30 4.80 ± 1.47 0.33 ± 0.09 0.62 ± 0.08 0.08 ± 0.02Maximum allowable concentration (MAC)23 2 85 23 32 6 1.5 0.24Source: Authors’ own work.Note: * – p < 0.1; ** – p < 0.02.The morphological markers of soil formation under the canopy of birch stands ondumps are noted. In birch stands, the upper 1.5 cm of soil consists of a litter of fallenleaves and branches: a humus-accumulative horizon with a total thickness of up to 10cm develops deeper.A feature of woody plants growing on dumps is the ability to accumulate chemicalelements from the soil in various organs (roots, branches, leaves), which reduces thespread of pollutants in the environment [8–11]. Birch accumulates the largest amountof zinc (in bark and shoots) and lead (in shoots and roots). The greatest amount ofcopper accumulates in the birch root system, which indicates the barrier role of rootsin the transit of copper to the above-ground organs (Table 2).It was found that zinc in birch organs is distributed as follows: branches > bark >leaves > roots. The maximum lead content is observed in the branches: there is noexcess of MAC. In all organs of birch, cadmium exceeded MAC.After the reforestation of dumps, soil is formed. In soils under birch stands on dumps(Table 3), a high content of total carbon (21%) was found, which is due to the presenceof brown coal particles in the soils. In soils under birch stands, the substrate reactionvaries from weakly alkaline to weakly acidic. For 30 years in the soils under birchstands, the content of exchange forms of calcium and magnesium and active formsof phosphorus has decreased, which is associated with their leaching out of soils. InDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 106Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesT˔˕˟˘ 2: The average content of metals (mg/kg) in birch organs on the dumps of the Kumertau browncoal deposit (n = 90).Elements Birch organsDumps Control Control Control Dumps Control Dumps ControlRoots Bark Branches LeavesCu 27.39±2.28 21.56±1.60 16.40±2.70 19.49±2.90 2.63±0.12 3.67±0.15 4.12±0.54 2.82±0.30Zn 17.47±1.25 19.96±1.10 52.65±1.94** 25.29±2.90 53.26±0.99 42.70±1.70 19.07±3.08 18.90±1.20Pb 2.39±0.19 1.80±0.20 1.57±0.24 4.08±0.30 3.32±0.18 2.38±0.14 0.10±0.01 0.16±0.02Cd 0.27±0.02** 0.45±0.03 0.62±0.18 0.76±0.20 1.06±0.14* 0.43±0.10 0.32±0.06 0.14±0.02Source: Authors’ own work.Note: * – p < 0.1; ** – p < 0.02.soils under birch stands on dumps, there is a decrease in acidity (pH = 5.2), which isconsistent with the results of other researchers [12].T˔˕˟˘ 3: Agrochemical characteristics of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit.Depth of sampling, cm Total carbon,%pН, aqueous P2O5 for 100 gactiveСа2+ Mg2+mg/eq for 100 gDumps before reforestation (1982–1986)0–20 1.02 7.53 3.85 25.0 7.0Dumps after reforestation (2016–2017)0–20 21.0 5.20 2.70 21.0 6.0Source: Authors’ own work.4. ConclusionThe life state of birch stands on dumps is estimated as ‘healthy’. It is established that insoils on dumps and in control soils, the content of active forms of metals is comparablewith the total content of elements. The greatest average amount of metals is notedin perennial parts of plants (root system, bark, and branches), and the smallest – inassimilation organs. The metal accumulation in birch roots is an adaptive reactionaimed at the survival of this tree species in the pessimal conditions of the dumps. Thelife state of birch stands proves the success of the reforestation of the dumps of theKumertau brown coal deposit. The formation of soils under the canopy of birch standson dumps is marked. During the formation of soil under the canopy of birch stands ondumps, there are positive changes in parameters such as the content of total carbon,phosphorus and exchange forms of calcium and magnesium and the level of acidity.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 107Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThis indicates the contribution of birch stands to the biological remediation of industrialdumps.AcknowledgementThe research was carried out using the equipment of the common use center Agidel.References[1] Adriano, D. C. (2001). Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments. New York, Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.[2] Kolodyazhnaya, Ya. S., Kochetov, A. V., and Shumnyi, V. K. (2006). Transgenesis as amethod of increasing plant resistance to elevated concentrations of heavy metals.Advances in Modern Biology, no. 5, pp. 456–461.[3] Kulagin, A. Yu. (1998). Willow: Technogenesis and Problems of Optimization ofDisturbed Landscapes. Ufa: Gilem.[4] Radosteva, E. R. and Kulagin, A. Yu. (2011). Bioaccumulation of metals in organs ofwoody plants in conditions of polymetallic dumps of the Uchalinsky Ore Mining andProcessing Enterprise (Republic of Bashkortostan). Bulletin of the Samara ScientificCenter RAS, vol. 13, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 200–202.[5] Alekseev, V. A. (1990). Some problems of diagnostics and classiﬁcation of forestecosystems damaged by pollution, in Forest Ecosystems and Atmospheric Pollution,pp. 38–54. Leningrad: Science.[6] Method for PerformingMeasurements of Mass Concentrations of Copper, Zinc, Cadmiumand Lead in Soil Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. RD 52.18.685–2006.[7] Batalov, A. A., Martyanov, N. A., Kulagin, A. Yu., et al. (1989). Forest Regenerationon Industrial Dumps of the Urals and the Southern Urals. Ufa: BNC Ural Department ofthe Academy of Sciences of the USSR.[8] Makhonina, G. I. (1987). Chemical Composition of Plants on Industrial Dumps of theUrals. Sverdlovsk: Publishing House Ural University.[9] Salt, D. E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N., et al. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategyfor removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology, vol.13, pp. 468–474.[10] Eltrop, L., Brown, G., Joachim, O., et al. (1991). Lead tolerance of Betula and Salix inthe mining area of Mechernich/Germany. Plant and Soil, pp. 275–285.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 108Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities[11] Unterbrunner, R., Puschenreiter, M., Sommer, P., et al. (2007). Heavy metal accu-mulation in trees growing on contaminated sites in Central Europe. EnvironmentalPollution, no. 148, pp. 107–114.[12] Koptsik, S., Berezina, N., and Livantsova, S. (2001). Effects of natural soil acidiﬁcationon biodiversity in Boreal Forest Ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 130,pp. 929–934.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 109

Reforestation of Brown Coal Dumps in Bashkortostan: Characteristics of the Soil and the Condition of Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Stands (Results of a 35-year Experiment)

KnE Publishing Platform

Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThe fourth International Scientific Conference onEcology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesVolume 2018Conference PaperReforestation of Brown Coal Dumps inBashkortostan: Characteristics of the Soil andthe Condition of Birch (Betula pendula Roth)Stands (Results of a 35-year Experiment)A. Yu. Kulagin, G. A. Zaitsev, and R. Kh. GiniyatullinUfa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences,450054 Ufa, RussiaAbstractIn 1980–1984, reforestation of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit(Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia) was carried out. Birch stands were created onthe dumps of overburdened rocks. The authors studied the agrochemical propertiesof soils, described the state of birch stands and established the patterns of metalaccumulation in birch organs 35 years after reforestation. It is established that 35years after planting birch trees on the dumps, the trees are characterized as ‘healthy’.The concentration of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in birch organs changes in thefollowing sequence: root system > bark > shoots > leaves. Soil formation processesare noted in birch stands on dumps. The upper (0–20 cm) soil layer acidity shifted bytwo units to the acidic side. There is a slight decrease in the content of phosphorusand the exchange forms of calcium and magnesium. Thus, birch is a promising treespecies for the reforestation of mining industry dumps.Keywords: dumps, reforestation, Betula pendula Roth, metal accumulation, soilformation processes1. IntroductionDuring mineral deposit exploitation, dumps from overburdened rocks are formed,which leads to ecosystem destruction and environment pollution [1, 2]. Reforestationof mining industry dumps is carried out to reduce secondary pollution of the envi-ronment during wind and water erosion and to restore biological productivity [3, 4].The study of the condition of tree stands makes it possible to evaluate the results ofdump reforestation and determine the prospects for the elimination of accumulatedenvironmental damage. The purpose of the study was to examine the state of birchHow to cite this article: A. Yu. Kulagin, G. A. Zaitsev, and R. Kh. Giniyatullin, (2018), “Reforestation of Brown Coal Dumps in Bashkortostan:Characteristics of the Soil and the Condition of Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Stands (Results of a 35-year Experiment)” in The fourth InternationalScientific Conference on Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities, KnE Life Sciences, pages 104–109. DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227Page 104Corresponding Author:A. Yu. Kulagincoolagin@list.ruReceived: 12 September 2018Accepted: 15 October 2018Published: 29 October 2018Publishing services provided byKnowledge EA. Yu. Kulagin et al. Thisarticle is distributed under theterms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use andredistribution provided that theoriginal author and source arecredited.Selection and Peer-reviewunder the responsibility of theEcology and Geography ofPlants and Plant CommunitiesConference Committee.Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesstands, evaluate themetal accumulation features in woody plants and characterize soilcover formation after reforestation of the dump of the Kumertau brown coal depositbetween 1980 and 2017.2. MethodsThe objects of research were birch (Betula pendula Roth) stands planted in 1980–1984after the reforestation of the dump of the Kumertau brown coal deposit. Estimationof the life state of birch stands was carried out by the Alekseev method [5]. Selectionof plant and soil samples was carried out during the vegetation period (from June toAugust). For the determination ofmetal content, the plant and soil sampleswere ashedin a muffle furnace at a temperature of 450 ∘C. To determine the mobile forms, soilsamples were extracted with an ammonium acetate buffer with a pH 4.8. The contentof copper, zinc, lead and cadmium was determined. The content of the metal totaland the active forms in the soil was determined by atomic absorption spectrometryin the Contr-AA (Analitic) [6]. The metal content in plant samples was determinedon a STA (MU 08–47/136) using an inversion voltammetric method. Ecotoxicologicalassessment of soils was determined by the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)of metals. The humus content was determined from the concentration of organic mat-ter (GOST 26213–91) with subsequent transfer to the total carbon. The acidity and thetotal absorbed bases were determined by the Kappen method (GOST 27821–88). Thecomposition of the absorbed bases (Ca2+ and Mg2+) was determined by the CINAOmethod (GOST 26487–85). The content of active phosphorus and potassiumwas deter-mined by theMachiginmethodwith CINAOmodification (GOST 26205–91). The nitrogencontent was determined by the Cornfield method. The obtained data were processedwith conventional statistical methods.3. ResultsBirch plantations growing on the dump (L𝑉 = 93.3%) and in control soil (L𝑉 = 93.6%)are characterized as ‘healthy’. Geologically, the dumps are characterized by great het-erogeneity and are represented by sedimentary rocks [7] – conglomerates, sandstone,limestone, ancient alluvial sands and pebbles, Permian and Tertiary clay. These containa wide range of chemical elements: copper, zinc, cobalt, calcium, manganese andothers. Of these elements, the greatest danger to the environment is presented bycopper, zinc, lead, and cadmium. In dumps and control soils under birch stands, theDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 105Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiescontent of the total forms of copper, zinc and cadmium corresponds to MAC, with theexception of the control soils, where one finds that zinc exceeds MAC 2.2 times (Table1). The content of metal active forms in dumps is much lower than the backgroundlevel and MAC.T 1: The content of total and mobile forms of metals (mg/kg) in birch (Betula pendula Roth) stands onthe dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit (n = 30).Cu Zn Pb CdTotal Forms ActiveFormsTotal Forms ActiveFormsTotal Forms ActiveFormsTotal Forms ActiveFormDumps13.60 ±1.860.66 ±0.09*78.08 ±48.50*0.57 ± 0.04 10.27 ±0.37**0.22 ± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.10 0.09 ± 0.02Control (leached chernozem)13.67 ± 1.06 0.36 ± 0.04 192.0 ±11.581.43 ± 0.30 4.80 ± 1.47 0.33 ± 0.09 0.62 ± 0.08 0.08 ± 0.02Maximum allowable concentration (MAC)23 2 85 23 32 6 1.5 0.24Source: Authors’ own work.Note: * – p < 0.1; ** – p < 0.02.The morphological markers of soil formation under the canopy of birch stands ondumps are noted. In birch stands, the upper 1.5 cm of soil consists of a litter of fallenleaves and branches: a humus-accumulative horizon with a total thickness of up to 10cm develops deeper.A feature of woody plants growing on dumps is the ability to accumulate chemicalelements from the soil in various organs (roots, branches, leaves), which reduces thespread of pollutants in the environment [8–11]. Birch accumulates the largest amountof zinc (in bark and shoots) and lead (in shoots and roots). The greatest amount ofcopper accumulates in the birch root system, which indicates the barrier role of rootsin the transit of copper to the above-ground organs (Table 2).It was found that zinc in birch organs is distributed as follows: branches > bark >leaves > roots. The maximum lead content is observed in the branches: there is noexcess of MAC. In all organs of birch, cadmium exceeded MAC.After the reforestation of dumps, soil is formed. In soils under birch stands on dumps(Table 3), a high content of total carbon (21%) was found, which is due to the presenceof brown coal particles in the soils. In soils under birch stands, the substrate reactionvaries from weakly alkaline to weakly acidic. For 30 years in the soils under birchstands, the content of exchange forms of calcium and magnesium and active formsof phosphorus has decreased, which is associated with their leaching out of soils. InDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 106Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesT 2: The average content of metals (mg/kg) in birch organs on the dumps of the Kumertau browncoal deposit (n = 90).Elements Birch organsDumps Control Control Control Dumps Control Dumps ControlRoots Bark Branches LeavesCu 27.39±2.28 21.56±1.60 16.40±2.70 19.49±2.90 2.63±0.12 3.67±0.15 4.12±0.54 2.82±0.30Zn 17.47±1.25 19.96±1.10 52.65±1.94** 25.29±2.90 53.26±0.99 42.70±1.70 19.07±3.08 18.90±1.20Pb 2.39±0.19 1.80±0.20 1.57±0.24 4.08±0.30 3.32±0.18 2.38±0.14 0.10±0.01 0.16±0.02Cd 0.27±0.02** 0.45±0.03 0.62±0.18 0.76±0.20 1.06±0.14* 0.43±0.10 0.32±0.06 0.14±0.02Source: Authors’ own work.Note: * – p < 0.1; ** – p < 0.02.soils under birch stands on dumps, there is a decrease in acidity (pH = 5.2), which isconsistent with the results of other researchers [12].T 3: Agrochemical characteristics of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit.Depth of sampling, cm Total carbon,%pН, aqueous P2O5 for 100 gactiveСа2+ Mg2+mg/eq for 100 gDumps before reforestation (1982–1986)0–20 1.02 7.53 3.85 25.0 7.0Dumps after reforestation (2016–2017)0–20 21.0 5.20 2.70 21.0 6.0Source: Authors’ own work.4. ConclusionThe life state of birch stands on dumps is estimated as ‘healthy’. It is established that insoils on dumps and in control soils, the content of active forms of metals is comparablewith the total content of elements. The greatest average amount of metals is notedin perennial parts of plants (root system, bark, and branches), and the smallest – inassimilation organs. The metal accumulation in birch roots is an adaptive reactionaimed at the survival of this tree species in the pessimal conditions of the dumps. Thelife state of birch stands proves the success of the reforestation of the dumps of theKumertau brown coal deposit. The formation of soils under the canopy of birch standson dumps is marked. During the formation of soil under the canopy of birch stands ondumps, there are positive changes in parameters such as the content of total carbon,phosphorus and exchange forms of calcium and magnesium and the level of acidity.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 107Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThis indicates the contribution of birch stands to the biological remediation of industrialdumps.AcknowledgementThe research was carried out using the equipment of the common use center Agidel.References[1] Adriano, D. C. (2001). Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments. New York, Berlin,Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.[2] Kolodyazhnaya, Ya. S., Kochetov, A. V., and Shumnyi, V. K. (2006). Transgenesis as amethod of increasing plant resistance to elevated concentrations of heavy metals.Advances in Modern Biology, no. 5, pp. 456–461.[3] Kulagin, A. Yu. (1998). Willow: Technogenesis and Problems of Optimization ofDisturbed Landscapes. Ufa: Gilem.[4] Radosteva, E. R. and Kulagin, A. Yu. (2011). Bioaccumulation of metals in organs ofwoody plants in conditions of polymetallic dumps of the Uchalinsky Ore Mining andProcessing Enterprise (Republic of Bashkortostan). Bulletin of the Samara ScientificCenter RAS, vol. 13, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 200–202.[5] Alekseev, V. A. (1990). Some problems of diagnostics and classification of forestecosystems damaged by pollution, in Forest Ecosystems and Atmospheric Pollution,pp. 38–54. Leningrad: Science.[6] Method for PerformingMeasurements of Mass Concentrations of Copper, Zinc, Cadmiumand Lead in Soil Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. RD 52.18.685–2006.[7] Batalov, A. A., Martyanov, N. A., Kulagin, A. Yu., et al. (1989). Forest Regenerationon Industrial Dumps of the Urals and the Southern Urals. Ufa: BNC Ural Department ofthe Academy of Sciences of the USSR.[8] Makhonina, G. I. (1987). Chemical Composition of Plants on Industrial Dumps of theUrals. Sverdlovsk: Publishing House Ural University.[9] Salt, D. E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N., et al. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategyfor removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology, vol.13, pp. 468–474.[10] Eltrop, L., Brown, G., Joachim, O., et al. (1991). Lead tolerance of Betula and Salix inthe mining area of Mechernich/Germany. Plant and Soil, pp. 275–285.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 108Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities[11] Unterbrunner, R., Puschenreiter, M., Sommer, P., et al. (2007). Heavy metal accu-mulation in trees growing on contaminated sites in Central Europe. EnvironmentalPollution, no. 148, pp. 107–114.[12] Koptsik, S., Berezina, N., and Livantsova, S. (2001). Effects of natural soil acidificationon biodiversity in Boreal Forest Ecosystems. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 130,pp. 929–934.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3227 Page 109

In 1980–1984, reforestation of the dumps of the Kumertau brown coal deposit (Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia) was carried out. Birch stands were created on the dumps of overburdened rocks. The authors studied the agrochemical properties of soils, described the state of birch stands and established the patterns of metalaccumulation in birch organs 35 years after reforestation. It is established that 35 years after planting birch trees on the dumps, the trees are characterized as ‘healthy'. The concentration of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in birch organs changes in the following sequence: root system &gt; bark &gt; shoots &gt; leaves. Soil formation processes are noted in birch stands on dumps. The upper (0–20 cm) soil layer acidity shifted bytwo units to the acidic side. There is a slight decrease in the content of phosphorus and the exchange forms of calcium and magnesium. Thus, birch is a promising tree species for the reforestation of mining industry dumps.
Keywords: dumps, reforestation, Betula pendula Roth, metal accumulation, soil formation processe

Kulagin, A. Y. (A)

Zaitsev, G. A. (G)

Giniyatullin, R. K. (R)

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Reforestation of Brown Coal Dumps in Bashkortostan: Characteristics of the Soil and the Condition of Birch (Betula Pendula Roth) Stands (Results of A 35-year Experiment)

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Reforestation of Brown Coal Dumps in Bashkortostan: Characteristics of the Soil and the Condition of Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Stands (Results of a 35-year Experiment)

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