A survey of the biodiversity of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes associated with Pinus pumila (the dwarf Siberian pine), a highly characteristic woody plant of Northeast Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula, is presented for the first time. Thirty-two species of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes were recorded in the area for this tree, ofwhich twenty-seven were described the first time: 19 species in the Magadan region and 9 in the Kamchatka Peninsula. Communities of wood-decaying fungi associated with P. pumila have low biodiversity and consist of 16 species in the Kamchatka Peninsula and 21 species in the Magadan region, with only 5 of them being common to both areas. All fungi associated with dwarf Siberian pine belong to widespread species and are not specialized to this tree: they are extremely low in numbers and their composition strongly varies in different habitats. This shows that this tree does not have its own specialized and stable complex of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes.
Keywords: biodiversity, Czekanowski-Sørensen index, host-specializatio

Corfixen, P

Knudsen, H

Kostitsina, M V

Kotiranta, H

Mukhin, V A

KnE Life Sciences

English

A survey of the biodiversity of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes associated with Pinus pumila (the dwarf Siberian pine), a highly characteristic woody plant of Northeast Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula, is presented for the first time. Thirty-two species of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes were recorded in the area for this tree, of which twenty-seven were described the first time: 19 species in the Magadan region and 9 in the Kamchatka Peninsula. Communities of wood-decaying fungi associated with P. pumila have low biodiversity and consist of 16 species in the Kamchatka Peninsula and 21 species in the Magadan region, with only 5 of them being common to both areas. All fungi associated with dwarf Siberian pine belong to widespread species and are not specialized to this tree: they are extremely low in numbers and their composition strongly varies in different habitats. This shows that this tree does not have its own specialized and stable complex of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes.This study was conducted within the framework of a state contract with the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of RAS, and was partly supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (Act 211, Agreement 02.A03.21.0006

Mukhin, V. A.

Knudsen, H.

Kotiranta, H.

Corfixen, P.

Kostitsina, M. V.

Institutional repository of Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N.Yeltsin

Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes Associated with Dwarf Siberian Pine in Northeast Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula

KnE Publishing Platform

Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThe fourth International Scientific Conference onEcology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesVolume 2018Conference PaperWood-decaying Basidiomycetes Associatedwith Dwarf Siberian Pine in Northeast Siberiaand the Kamchatka PeninsulaV. A. Mukhin1,2, H. Knudsen3, H. Kotiranta4, P. Corfixen3, and M. V. Kostitsina21Institute of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterin-burg, Russia2Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144Ekaterinburg, Russia3Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK–1323, Copenhagen K,Denmark4Finnish Environment Institute, FI–00251, Helsinki, FinlandAbstractA survey of the biodiversity of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes associated with Pinuspumila (the dwarf Siberian pine), a highly characteristic woody plant of NortheastSiberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula, is presented for the first time. Thirty-twospecies of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes were recorded in the area for this tree, ofwhich twenty-seven were described the first time: 19 species in the Magadan regionand 9 in the Kamchatka Peninsula. Communities of wood-decaying fungi associatedwith P. pumila have low biodiversity and consist of 16 species in the KamchatkaPeninsula and 21 species in the Magadan region, with only 5 of them being commonto both areas. All fungi associated with dwarf Siberian pine belong to widespreadspecies and are not specialized to this tree: they are extremely low in numbers andtheir composition strongly varies in different habitats. This shows that this tree doesnot have its own specialized and stable complex of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes.Keywords: biodiversity, Czekanowski-Sørensen index, host-specialization1. IntroductionThe dwarf Siberian pine – Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel – is a large shrub up to 8 m highwith a trunk diameter of up to 18 cm with a lifetime between 300 and 1,000 years. Itis widely distributed in Northeast Siberia – the vast territory from the Lena River in thewest to the Pacific Ocean in the east (Figure 1). P. pumila grows at altitudes from 300–400 to 1900 m above sea level together with Alnus fruticosa Rupr., Larix cajanderi Mayrand Betula ermanii Cham. Some isolated locations of the species are NE Mongolia, NEHow to cite this article: V. A. Mukhin, H. Knudsen, H. Kotiranta, P. Corfixen, andM. V. Kostitsina, (2018), “Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes Associatedwith Dwarf Siberian Pine in Northeast Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula” in The fourth International Scientific Conference on Ecology and Geographyof Plants and Plant Communities, KnE Life Sciences, pages 125–133. DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230Page 125Corresponding Author:V. A. Mukhinvictor.mukhin@ipae.uran.ruReceived: 12 September 2018Accepted: 15 October 2018Published: 29 October 2018Publishing services provided byKnowledge EV. A. Mukhin et al. This articleis distributed under the terms ofthe Creative CommonsAttribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use andredistribution provided that theoriginal author and source arecredited.Selection and Peer-reviewunder the responsibility of theEcology and Geography ofPlants and Plant CommunitiesConference Committee.Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesChina and Korea [1, 2]. In Japan, the southern boundary P. pumila is located on Honshu,where it grows at altitudes of 2300–3000 m [3].Figure 1: Distribution area of Pinus pumila in Russia [2] and the study area (1 – the Kamchatka Peninsula,2 – the Magadan region).The unique biology and ecology of dwarf Siberian pine [1] gives grounds to believethat his complex of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes also has some specific features.However, data on the wood-decaying fungi associated with this tree are very scarce[1, 4–6].In this article, the original data on the biodiversity ofwood-decaying Basidiomycetesin dwarf Siberian pine obtained during two international mycological expeditions inNortheastern Siberia (Magadan region) and the Kamchatka Peninsula in 1995 and 1997are presented and discussed.2. MethodsThe climate in the Magadan region, located in the eastern part of Northeast Siberia(Figure 1), is distinctly continental (slightly less so in coastal areas), with averageDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 126Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesannual temperatures of –12.5∘C and –5.8∘С. The average annual rainfall is 275 (con-tinental areas) to 330 mm (coastal areas). The permafrost has an annual averagetemperature of –0.6∘C and the growing season is 99−109 d. Over 90% of the forestin the Magadan region is covered by L. cajanderi. The common component of theunderstory is P. pumila, which often forms pure thickets [7].The Kamchatka Peninsula has a length from north to south of about 1100 km (51–60∘N) and fromwest to east 450 km (156–163∘ E): in the west it is bordered by the OkhotskSea, in the east by the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The climate is moderately cold.In the central Kamchatka depression with coniferous forest, the annual precipitationis 600–800 mm, the sum of summer temperatures is 1400–1600∘C and the growingseason about 70 d. In the Kamchatka Peninsula, P. pumila occurs everywhere as purethickets, in larch forests, of which it forms the upper border [1].2.1. Sampling and identificationIn each of the regions, route surveys were carried out in typical P. pumila habitats(Table 1). During route surveys, all the fungi growing on living or dead trunks of P.pumilawere collected. The fungi were identified with the help of the following works:Ryvarden and Gilbertson [8, 9], Hansen and Knudsen [10] and Bernicchia and Gorjón[11]. The material is deposited in herbaria in Ekaterinburg (VAM), Copenhagen (C),Helsinki (H) or the reference herbarium of H. Kotiranta. Nomenclature follows IndexFungorum [12].T 1: List of surveyed localities with P. pumila in the Kamchatka Peninsula and Magadan region.Area Locality CoordinatesMagadan region Staritskogo PeninsulaMagadanSneznaya ValleyKhapchagay MountainSinegoryeSusumanJagodnoe59∘30′ N 150∘50′ E59∘34′ N 150∘46′ E59∘43′ N 150∘49′ E61∘92′ N 149∘70′ E62∘09′ N 150∘18′ E62∘52′ N 148∘09′ E62∘55′ N 149∘55′ EKamchatka Peninsula ZhupanovoTolbachik volcanoEsso54∘32′ N 159∘47′ E55∘49′ N 160∘19′ E55∘55′ N, 158∘41′ ESource: Authors’ own work.The similarity of fungi species between the Magadan region and the KamchatkaPeninsula was evaluated with the Czekanowski-Sørensen ratio (1):𝐾𝑐𝑠 = 2𝐽/𝐴 + 𝐵 (1)DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 127Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitieswhere J is the number of species in common for the two lists, A is the number of speciesin the first list and B is the number of species in the second list. This ratio varies from0 (no species in common) to 1 (all species in common).3. ResultsIn total, 32 species of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes growing on dead and livingtrunks and branches of P. pumila were found: 16 in the Kamchatka Peninsula and 21in the Magadan region. The comparison of the fungal complexes associated with P.pumila in the Magadan region and the Kamchatka Peninsula shows their significantdifferences. Of the 32 fungi species, only 5 (G. sepiarium, P. pini, Ph. chrysoloma, S.lilacina and T. fuscoviolaceum) occur on P. pumila in both regions, resulting in a lowlevel of species similarity: Kcs = 0.27.9 species of the fungi in the Kamchatka Peninsula and 19 in the Magadan regionwere described on P. pumila for the first time, a total of 27 species (Table 2). At thesame time, we did not find the 19 species of the fungi described earlier on P. pumilain the Kamchatka Peninsula by Parmasto [4], Lyubarsky and Vasil’eva [5] and Kho-mentovsky [1]: Amyloporia sinuosa (Fr.) Rajchenb., Gorjón & Pildain, Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G. Stev.) Boesew, Cinereomyces lindbladii (Berk.) Jülich, Inonotus cuticularis(Bull) P. Karst., Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst., Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.) Murrill,Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat., Phanerochaete sordida (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Ryvarden,Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill, Postia sericeomollis (Romell) Jülich, P. undosa (Peck)Jülich, Rhodofomes cajanderi (P. Karst.) B.K. Cui, M.L. Han and Y.C. Dai, Scytinostromaodoratum (Fr.) Donk, Sidera lenis (P. Karst.) Miettinen, Skeletocutis amorpha (Fr.) Kotl.& Pouzar, S. uralensis (Pilát) Kotl. & Pouzar, Stereum hirsutum Pers., Trametes coccinea(Fr.) Hai J. Li & S.Y. He and Trichaptum abietinum (Dicks.) Ryvarden. Some of the fungiwere found in the area but on Larix (F. pinicola, Ph. schweinitzii) and Betula (T. coccinea,S. hirsutum). In our opinion, this indicates a strong temporal variation in the speciescomposition of the fungi associated with P. pumila.T 2: Wood-decaying fungi associated with Pinus pumila in the Kamchatka Peninsula (1 – Esso, 2 –Tolbachik Volcano, 3 – Zhupanovo) and the Magadan region (1 – Jagodnoe, 2 – Khapchagay mountain, 3 –Magadan, 4 – Sinegorye, 5 – Sneznaya Valley, 6 – Staritskogo Peninsula, 7 – Susuman).Species of Fungus Kamchatka PeninsulaLocality (Number ofFindings)Magadan regionLocality (Number ofFindings)Alutaceodontia alutacea (Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden 3* (1) –Antrodia serialis (Fr.) Donk Paja 2* (1) LcAntrodia xantha Lc 1* (1) LcDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 128Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesSpecies of Fungus Kamchatka PeninsulaLocality (Number ofFindings)Magadan regionLocality (Number ofFindings)Atheliachaete sanguinea (Fr.) Spirin & Zmitr. 1* (1) LcBotryobasidium vagum (Berk & M. A. Curtis) D. P.Rogers1 (1) LcCeriporia bresadolae (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk – 1* (1)Ceriporia purpurea (Fr.) Donk Chos 1* (1) ChosChondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar Ber 5* (1) Ber, Chos, Dusch,Sal, PsuaConiophora arida (Fr.) P. Karst. 1* (1)C. olivacea (Fr.) P. Karst. 1 (1) Lc, Abs LcC. puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst. Ber, Abs 5* (1)Crepidotus caspari Velen. Saz 1* (1)Dichomitus squalens (P. Karst.) D. A. Reid Paja 1* (1) LcFlaviporus cf. citrinellus (Niemelä & Ryvarden)Ginns– 3* (1)Gloiothele citrine (Pers.) Ginns & G. W. Freeman 3* (2) Ber, Abs –Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. 1, 2 (5) Lc, Paja 5* (2) LcIrpicodon pendulus (Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar – 6* (1)Leptosporomyces septentrionalis ( J. Erikss.) Krieglst. 3* (1) Abs –Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns – 1* (1) LcPeniophora pini (Schleich.) Boidin 1, 2 (3) 1 (1)Phellinus chrysoloma (Fr.) Donk 1, 2 (3) Abs, Paja 4* (1) LcPostia caesia (Schrad.) P. Karst. Abs, Paja 5* (1) LcP. hibernica (Berk. & Broome) Jülich 3* (1) –Rhizochaete violascens (Fr.) K. H. Larss. – 5* (2)Skeletocutis lilacina A. David & Jean Keller 1, 2, 3* (7) 5* (2)Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. Lc, Pjez, Abs 5, 6* (3) LcTrichaptum fuscoviolaceum (Ehrenb.) Ryvarden 1, 2 (4) Lc, Paja 1, 5 (3) LcTubulicrinis angustus (D.P. Rogers & Weresub) Donk – 7* (1)T. glebulosus (Fr.) Donk Ber, Abs 5* (2) LcVararia investiens (Schwein.) P. Karst. 1 (1) Lc, Ber –Xenasmatella vaga (Fr.) Stalpers 1, 2, 3* (3) Dusch, Abs –Xylodon asperus (Fr.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden 3* (3) –Source: Authors’ own work.Note: * – species described on P. pumila for the first time; italics – trees on which the fungus is foundin the research area in addition to P. pumila: Abs – Abies sachalinensis Fr. Schmidt; Ber – Betula ermaniiCham.; Chos – Chosenia arbutifolia (Pall.) A. Skvorts., Dusch – Duschekia fruticosa (Rupr.) Pouzar; Paja– Picea ajanensis (Lindl. et Gord) Fisch. ex Carr.; Psua – Populus suaveolens Fisch.; Sal – Salix sp.; – thespecies was not found.Fungi associated with P. pumila can be divided in two groups. The first include themain part of species met in the study area on both P. pumila and other trees: 12DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 129Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesspecies were noted on coniferous trees, 6 on both coniferous and deciduous and 2on deciduous (Table 2). In this group, we should include C. arida, X. asperus, occurringin the Kamchatka Peninsula on B. ermanii, [4] and C. caspari, met on C. arbutifolia andSalix sp. in the Magadan region [6]. Thus, this group includes 23 species, or 72% of thefungi associated with P. pumila.The fungi of the second group (9 species) in the study area are restricted to P. pumilaas the host: 4 species (A. alutacea, P. pini, P. hibernica, S. lilacina) in Kamchatka and 7species (C. bresadolae, F. cf. citrinellus, I. pendulus, P. pini, R. violascens, S. lilacina, T.angustus) in the Magadan region. With the exception of P. pini and S. lilacina, they arenoted on P. pumila as single findings: it is highly likely that their absence is random andtheir substrate spectra will be expanded upon further study. In favor of this is the factthat in other parts of their distribution they occur on different species of coniferous (A.alutacea, F. cf. citrinellus, I. pendulus, P. pini, P. hibernica, S. lilacina) or coniferous anddeciduous (C. bresadolae, R. violascens, T. angustus) trees [8–11].For example, S. lilacina (Figure 2) – the most common species on P. pumila – was firstdescribed in 1984 in a mountain locality in Switzerland on Picea [13]: only slowly hasit been found in other areas. Niemelä and Day [14] found it in Hudson Bay in Canada,Ryvarden et al. [15] reported two collections from Norway between 60∘ and 66∘ Nand in Finland it has been found in most of the country (between 61∘ and 68∘ N) [16]:recently, two records were found in northernmost Sweden, at 67∘ N [17]. All Europeanand Canadian records were found on Picea. S. lilacina is also found on this tree in theUrals [18]. The westernmost location of this species in P. pumilawas in Buryatia, in thevicinity of Lake Baikal (53∘83′ N 109∘05′ E). In this part of Siberia S. lilacina, occurs onLarix sibirica Ledeb, in addition to P. pumila. [19]. In our data, it also occurs on L. gmelinii(Rupr.) Rupr. in Sakha (62∘2′ N 129∘38′ E), the western border of the range of P. pumila.As in the Kamchatka Peninsula and Magadan region, the fungi on P. pumila are typi-cally very few in number, withmany being recorded in single records in a few localities:63% species in the Kamchatka Peninsula and 90% species in the Magadan regionwere found in one locality as a single find. From 32 species, only 5 in our collectionsare represented by 3–7 samples: G. sepiarium, S. lilacina and T. fuscoviolaceum in theKamchatka and S. sanquinolentum and T. fuscoviolaceum in the Magadan region (Table2). In total, during two field sessions wood-decaying fungi were found on P. pumila 67times: 39 in Kamchatka and 28 in the Magadan region.In Kamchatka, the greatest diversity of fungi is noted in the area of the village ofEsso: 11 species. In the vicinity of the volcano Tolbachinsky and the village Zhupanovo,6–7 species were found. Only 2 species – S. lilacina and X. vaga – were found in allDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 130Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesFigure 2: Skeletocutis lilacina. P. Corfixen 97.159; photo by H. Knudsen.three localities. The same situation occurs in the Magadan region, where the greatestdiversity of fungi on P. pumila was found in the vicinity of the village of Yagodnoe (8species) and in the Snowy Valley (9 species): only T. fuscoviolaceum is present in bothlocalities (Table 2).4. ConclusionOverall, 32 species of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes were described for dwarfSiberian pine in the Magadan region and Kamchatka Peninsula, 27 for the first time: 19in the first region and 9 in the second. Communities of wood-decaying fungi associatedwith this tree have a low biodiversity and consist of 16 species in Kamchatka and 21species in the Magadan region, with only 5 of them being common to both areas. Allfungi are widespread species: 23 of them occur not only on this tree, but also in others.9 species were noted only for P. pumila, but they are not specific to this tree becausein other regions they are found on different plant species. The important feature ofthe fungi associated with the dwarf Siberian pine is their extremely low number andthe strong temporal and habitat variation of species composition, which shows thatthis tree does not have its own specialized and stable complex of wood-decayingBasidiomycetes. Schmid-Heckel [20, P. 11] came to the same conclusion when heDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 131Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiescompared the fungi on Pinus cembra L. in the German part of the Alps with othertrees: ‘All species found on the wood of P. cembra also occurred on other conifers anddeciduous trees’. Although this study was based on far fewer species, the conclusionwas the same.AcknowledgmentThis study was conducted within the framework of a state contract with the Instituteof Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of RAS, and was partly supported by theGovernment of the Russian Federation (Act 211, Agreement 02.A03.21.0006).References[1] Khomentovsky, P. A. (1995). Ecology of Siberian Dwarf Pine (Pinus pumila (Pallas)Regel) in Kamchatka (General Survey). Vladivostok: Dalnauka.[2] Koropachinskiy, I. Y. and Vstovskaya, T. N. (2002). Woody Plants of the Asian Part ofRussia. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of SB RAS, Brach “Geo”.[3] Yanagimachi, O. and Ohmori, H. (1991). Ecological status of Pinus pumila scrub andthe lower boundary of the Japanese alpine zone. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 23,no. 4, pp. 424–435.[4] Parmasto, E. H. (1963). On the fungi of the Kamchatka Peninsula, in Investigation ofNature Far East, pp. 221–289. Tallinn: Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR.[5] Lyubarskiy, L. V. and Vasil’eva, L. N. (1975). Wood-Destroying Fungi of the Far East.Novosibirsk: Nauka.[6] Sazanova, N. A. (2009). Macromycetes of the Magadan Region. Magadan: NESC FEBRAS.[7] Starikov, G. F. (1958). The Forests of the Magadan Region. Magadan: Magadan BookPublisher.[8] Ryvarden, L. and Gilbertson, R. L. (1993). European Polypores. Part 1. Oslo: Fungiflora.[9] Ryvarden, L. and Gilbertson, R. L. (1994). European Polypores. Part 2. Oslo: Fungiflora.[10] Hansen, L. and Knudsen, H. (1997). Nordic Macromycetes. Heterobasidioid, Aphyl-lophoroid and Gastromycetoid Basidiomycetes, vol. 3. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp.[11] Bernicchia, A. and Gorjón, S. P. (2010). Corticiaceae s.l. Fungi Europaei no 12. Italia:Ed. Candusso.[12] The Index Fungorum database. Retrieved from http://www.indexfungorum.orgDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 132Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities[13] David, A. and Keller, J. (1984). Une Nouvelle Espèce de Skeletocutis (Polyporaceae)Recoltée en Suisse. Mycologia Helvetica, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 157–167.[14] Niemelä, T. and Dai, Y.-C. (1997). Polypore Skeletocutis lenis and its sib S. vulgaris.Annales Botanici Fennici, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 133–140.[15] Ryvarden, L., Stokland. J., and Larsson, K.-H. (2003). A Critical Checklist of Corticoidand Poroid Fungi of Norway. Synopsis Fungorum, vol. 17. Oslo: Fungiflora.[16] Kotiranta, H., Saarenoksa, R., and Kytövuori, I. (2009). Aphyllophoroid fungi ofFinland. A check-list with ecology, distribution, and threat categories. Norrlinia, vol.19, pp. 1–223.[17] Artportalen. Retrieved from www.artportalen.se[18] Shirayev, A. G., Kotiranta, H., Mukhin, V.A., et al. (2010). Aphyllophoroid Fungi ofSverdlovsk Region, Russia. Ekaterinburg: Goshchitskiy Publisher.[19] Biodiversity of the Altai-Sayan Ecoregion. Retrieved from www.bioaltai-sayan.ru[20] Schmid-Heckel, S. (1985). Zur Kenntnis der Pilze in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Mykol-ogische Untersuchungen im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Forschungsberichte 8.Regensburg: Nationalparkverwaltung Berchtesgaden im Auftrag des BayerischenStaatsministeriums für Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3230 Page 133

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Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes Associated with Dwarf Siberian Pine in Northeast Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula

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