The relationship between the characteristics of the linear growth of branches and stems was studied, as well as the possibility of distinguishing between various Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes. The objects of research were experimental plantations of the half-sib progenies of pine plus trees aged 10–11 years. The annual increments of the stem and differently oriented branches were measured. Correlation, regression and data analysis methods developed by the authors were used. The time dynamics of the obtained values were studied by comparing the regression line slopes describing the interrelation of axial increments and by analysis of the frequency spectra of the Integral Parameter of Characters Sequence applied earlier. The analysisof the obtained results has shown the existence of a significant relationship between auxiblast linear growth within the two adjacent years and a weak interrelation of the characteristics of branch and stem morphogenesis. The possibility of distinguishing Scots pine half-sib families by comparing the dynamics of branches and stem apical growth is described.
Keywords: Scots pine, apical growth of branches and stems, genotypic and phenotypic variability, impact of environmental factors on growth, morphogenesis of woody plants, growth modelin

Golikov, D Yu

Montile, A A

Montile, A I

Shavnin, S A

KnE Life Sciences

English

The relationship between the characteristics of the linear growth of branches and stems was studied, as well as the possibility of distinguishing between various Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes. The objects of research were experimental plantations of the half-sib progenies of pine plus trees aged 10–11 years. The annual increments of the stem and differently oriented branches were measured. Correlation, regression and data analysis methods developed by the authors were used. The time dynamics of the obtained values were studied by comparing the regression line slopes describing the interrelation of axial increments and by analysis of the frequency spectra of the Integral Parameter of Characters Sequence applied earlier. The analysis of the obtained results has shown the existence of a significant relationship between auxiblast linear growth within the two adjacent years and a weak interrelation of the characteristics of branch and stem morphogenesis. The possibility of distinguishing Scots pine half-sib families by comparing the dynamics of branches and stem apical growth is described.The work was supported by the Integrated Program of Presidium of the Ural Branch of RAS for 2018–2020 (state registration No. AAAA-A17-117072810009-8) and by the program of FNI RAS for 2013–2020 (state registration No. AAAA-A-17-117072810010-4

Shavnin, S. A.

Montile, A. A.

Montile, A. I.

Golikov, D. Yu.

Institutional repository of Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N.Yeltsin

Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThe fourth International Scientiﬁc Conference onEcology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesVolume 2018Conference PaperDynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growthin the Progenies of Plus Pine Trees(Pinus sylvestris L.)S. A. Shavnin1, A. A. Montile1, A. I. Montile2, and D. Yu. Golikov11Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620130 Ekaterinburg,Russia2Ural State Forest Engineering University, 620049 Ekaterinburg, RussiaAbstractThe relationship between the characteristics of the linear growth of branches andstems was studied, as well as the possibility of distinguishing between variousScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes. The objects of research were experimentalplantations of the half-sib progenies of pine plus trees aged 10–11 years. The annualincrements of the stem and differently oriented branches were measured. Correlation,regression and data analysis methods developed by the authors were used. Thetime dynamics of the obtained values were studied by comparing the regression lineslopes describing the interrelation of axial increments and by analysis of the frequencyspectra of the Integral Parameter of Characters Sequence applied earlier. The analysisof the obtained results has shown the existence of a signiﬁcant relationship betweenauxiblast linear growth within the two adjacent years and a weak interrelation of thecharacteristics of branch and stem morphogenesis. The possibility of distinguishingScots pine half-sib families by comparing the dynamics of branches and stem apicalgrowth is described.Keywords: Scots pine, apical growth of branches and stems, genotypic andphenotypic variability, impact of environmental factors on growth, morphogenesis ofwoody plants, growth modeling1. IntroductionThemorphogenesis ofwoody plants, including apical and radial growth, is controlled bygenome, physiological and biochemical mechanisms (redistribution of carbohydratesand hormones) and environmental factors [1–3]. At the same time, their interrelationhas not been studied enough; also, branch and stem growth are usually consideredseparately. It is known that the activity of apical and lateral meristems during thevegetation period of Scots pine does not coincide in time: the leading ones are theHow to cite this article: S. A. Shavnin, A. A. Montile, A. I. Montile, and D. Yu. Golikov, (2018), “Dynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growth inthe Progenies of Plus Pine Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.)” in The fourth International Scientific Conference on Ecology and Geography of Plants and PlantCommunities, KnE Life Sciences, pages 197–203. DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239Page 197Corresponding Author:S. A. Shavninsash@botgard.uran.ruReceived: 12 September 2018Accepted: 15 October 2018Published: 29 October 2018Publishing services provided byKnowledge ES. A. Shavnin et al. This articleis distributed under the terms ofthe Creative CommonsAttribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use andredistribution provided that theoriginal author and source arecredited.Selection and Peer-reviewunder the responsibility of theEcology and Geography ofPlants and Plant CommunitiesConference Committee.Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesapical meristems [4]. There is a sufﬁcient number of studies of branch [5–8] and stem[9–11] growth which indicate a signiﬁcant dependence on genome. As a rule, in thestudy of stem and branch growth the integral characteristics (height, diameter, length)are used, but their rate dynamics over several years are not considered. It shouldbe noted that the impact of environmental factors on growth depends on climatevariability over years [4, 12] and the inﬂuence of weather conditions. The reactionof plants to the impact of these factors is also under genetic control [13]. Thus, thedynamics of the growth of different Pinus taeda L. genotypes over several years alsodiffers [6]. This allows us to suggest that studying the changes in branch and tree stemgrowth rates over a number of years will make it possible to distinguish genotypes andto assess their potential productivity, as well as to get additional information on therelationship of these growth processes during morphogenesis.The objectives for this research were to (1) study the interrelations between char-acteristics of the linear growth of the axial auxiblasts of branches and stems and (2)assess the possibility of distinguishing between half-sib families in the progenies ofdifferent Scots pine plus trees with the use of these parameters.2. MethodsThe object of the study was the comparative sylvicultures of Scots pine, created inthe territory of the Sysert Forest district in the 1990s (Sverdlovsk Region, Russia). Twogroups of descendant families of plus trees (3 families in each) were examined. Ingroups 1 and 2, family numbers corresponded to the registered numbers of plus trees– 11, 1, 52 and 38, 50 and 56, respectively. Each family consists of 24–29 trees. In group1 (the age of the trees was 10 years), the length of axial auxiblasts over 4 years (2001–2004) on branches (6 years old) of the southern, southeastern and eastern exposureswere measured on each tree. In group 2 (the age of the trees was 11 years), the annualincrements of branches of the southern exposition and the axial increments of the stemover the last 7 years (1999–2005) were measured on each tree. The accuracy of themeasurements was 1.0 mm.When analyzing the data obtained, the methods of cluster and regression analysis[14, 15] were used (STATISTICA v 8.0). In the analysis of phenotypic variability, weused the method of determining the frequency spectra of the Integral Parameter ofCharacters Sequence (IPCS, previously described as IPCMS [16]). This allows one todescribe the polymorphism of plants according to the complex (in a given sequence)of characters using the series of IPCS frequency values in the groups under study.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 198Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesA particular spectrum is a set of IPCS values for a set of objects. The frequenciesof value occurrence in the graphic display are indicated by the gradation of color (inshades of gray). For the analysis, the informative parameters were the IPCS positionalarrangement and the frequencies.3. ResultsData analysis of axial increments of differently oriented branches in group 1, as well asof separate branches and stems in group 2, has shown a signiﬁcant reliable correlationbetween them in two adjacent years. This indicates the inﬂuence of the processesdetermining one-year increments on the next year’s axial growth. This dependence isobserved in branches of each exposure and in their sum set. Thus the effect of orienta-tion is not signiﬁcant. The regression analysis of branch auxiblasts growth within twoyears (2001–2002) in group 1 conﬁrms the existence of a linear connection betweenannual increments. For families 1, 11 and 52, the regression equations are: y = 5.3739+ 0.8697 * x (r = 0.882); y = 16.3372 + 0.448 * x (r = 0.634); y = 5.725 + 0.8268 * x (r =0.811), respectively (P < 0.0001). In the equations: y – growth for 2002, x – growth for2001 and the coefﬁcient at x characterizes the slope of the regression line. The rela-tionship between the growth of both branches as stems for two adjacent years existsfor each family and for the whole group. Comparison of the results of the correlationand regression analyses of axial increments of branches and stems for two adjacentyears (Table 1) indicates a signiﬁcant difference in their interrelationships. This is alsoconﬁrmed by the absence of reliable correlation between one-year growth valuesof the stems and branches, and also by the absence of a nonlinear interconnectionbetween them.Following the assumption that growth characteristic dynamics are inheritable, acomparative analysis of the regularities of branch and tree stem growth of families ingroup 2 was carried out for the whole studied time interval (1999–2005). The restora-tion of the linear relationship between increments in two adjacent years revealed,as evidenced by a comparison of the slopes of the regression lines (Table 1), thesigniﬁcant differences in the growth dynamics for individual families. These data anal-yses also have shown that within a single period of time families can be distinguishedby the use of slope coefﬁcient values, but during some periods different families mayreact in the same way. Because of this, for a more correct and reliable distinguishingDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 199Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesT˔˕˟˘ 1: Correlation coefﬁcients (r at P < 0.05) and slope coefﬁcients of regression lines (a) for axial annualincrements of branches and stems of Scots pine plus trees half-sib families in group 2.Years Family Number38 50 56r a r a r aBranches1999–2000 0.281 0.642 – – – –2000–2001 0.741 0.938 0.019 0.018 0.649 0.5662001–2002 0.950 0.881 0.640 0.653 0.764 0.8762002–2003 0.321 0.175 0.625 0.643 0.833 0.7242003–2004 0.600 0.591 0.761 0.614 0.773 0.6832004–2005 0.751 0.745 0.791 0.316 0.722 0.620Stem1999–2000 0.778 0.519 0.671 0.372 0.776 0.7312000–2001 0.825 0.790 0.650 0.861 0.765 1.0042001–2002 0.562 0.443 0.706 0.485 0.790 0.8712002–2003 0.489 0.590 0.476 0.755 0.741 0.7522003–2004 0.378 0.337 0.407 0.487 0.455 0.4532004–2005 0.562 0.568 0.679 0.473 0.472 0.468Source: Authors’ own work.between families it is necessary to analyze the dynamics of changes in axial incre-ments over a period longer than two years. For the trees from one family, the coefﬁ-cients signiﬁcantly ‘coincide’ for all or almost all pairs of years in the selected period.It should be noted that the parameters related to the speciﬁc heredity are not annualincrements of the branches or stems, but the characteristics of the dynamics of theirchanges, described by the slope angle of the regression line.In addition to the approach described, a new method for analyzing the dynamicsof growth characteristics, based on the determination of IPCS spectra, was used todistinguish individual families. To characterize the half-sib families, samples consistingof trees from an individual family (3 samples, 9 trees with mismatched numbers ineach) were used. The characters used annual axial increments of branches or stemsfor the studied period of time. During the intermediate analysis of data, the identiﬁersof the resulting IPCS were established as branch increments of recent years, and forthe stems – increments at the beginning of measurement period. The ﬁnal analysishas shown that the IPCS frequency spectra for axial increments of branches and stemsdo not coincide both with respect to the arrangement of lines in the spectra and tothe sequences of samples from individual families. The latter were established aftercalculations and are shown on the horizontal axis of Figure 1. It should be noted thatDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 200Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesthe number of lines in the spectra corresponds to the number of characters (annualincrements).Figure 1: IPCS frequency spectra (higher frequency values are darker) of samples taken from families ofgroup 2 (numbers 38, 50 and 56), calculated according to the annual axial increments values of the stems(a) and branches (b). Source: Authors’ own work.The position of the line (the value of IPCS) and the frequency (line color intensity)characterize the individual manifestation of a particular character in the sample. Thecompact arrangement of samples from one family in the sequence indicates a rela-tively low variability of growth characteristics in the family. In this case, the spectraobtained by processing data about branches (Figure 1(b)), in comparisonwith the spec-tra for stems (Figure 1(a)), show a more reliable distinction of families. Thus families50 and 56 are maximally separated in the sequence of samples from each other andonly a small mix of samples from families 56 and 38 is observed. The comparison ofbranch and stem axial increment values with the use of the IPCS frequency spectrarevealed their essential difference, which is corresponds to the conclusion obtainedafter correlation and regression analyses, that the growth processes of branches andstems differ.4. ConclusionThe analysis of the results obtained from the study of auxiblast axial growth of Scotspine trees allows us to conclude that there is a linear relationship between the apicalgrowth of both branches and stems for two adjacent years. It is also revealed thatDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 201Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesdespite the existence of the same patterns in the morphogenesis of the stems andbranches, the relationship between their annual increments is weak. It has been estab-lished that to distinguish half-sib families from the plus trees’ progeny ismore effectivenot to use the absolute values of growth characteristics but rather their dynamics overseveral years. To describe the latter, coefﬁcients of the regression equations of theinterconnection of axial annual increments of both branches and stems can be used,as well as the new independent approach – comparative analysis of the frequencyspectra of the Integral Parameter of the Characters Sequence values, calculated for aset of families.AcknowledgementThe work was supported by the Integrated Program of Presidium of the Ural Branchof RAS for 2018–2020 (state registration No. AAAA-A17-117072810009-8) and by theprogram of FNI RAS for 2013–2020 (state registration No. AAAA-A-17-117072810010-4).References[1] Kozlowski, T. T. and Pallardy, St. G. (1997). Growth Control in Woody Plants. AcademicPress.[2] Pallardy, St. G. (2008). Physiology of Woody Plants (third edition). Academic Press.[3] Zimmerman, M. H. and Brown, C. L. (1971). Trees: Structure and Function. Berlin:Springer-Verlag.[4] Pietarinen, I., Kanninen,M., Hari, P., et al. (1982). A simulationmodel for daily growthof shoots, needles, and stem diameter in Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris). ForestScience, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 573–581.[5] Wang, Q., Little, C. H. A., and Oden, P. C. (1997). Control of longitudinal and cambialgrowth by Gibberellins and Indole-3-Acetic acid in current year shoots of Pinussylvestris. Tree Physiology, vol. 17, pp. 715–721.[6] Quesada, T., Parisi, L. M., Huber, D. A., et al. (2017). Genetic control of growth andshoot phenology in Juvenile Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) clonal trials. Tree Geneticsand Genomes, vol. 13, no. 65, pp. 1–15.[7] Isik, F., Isik, K., Yildirim, T., et al. (2002). Annual shoot growth components relatedto growth of Pinus brutia. Tree Physiology, vol. 22, pp. 51– 58.[8] Clair, J. B. St. (1994). Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size inDouglas-Fir. II. crown form, branch characters, and foliage characters. CanadianDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 202Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesJournal of Forest Research, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1236–1247.[9] Emhart, V. I., Martin, T. A., White, T. L., et al. (2006). Genetic variation in basal areaincrement phenology and its correlation with growth rate in loblolly and slash pinefamilies and clones. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 36, pp. 961–971.[10] Gwaze, D. P., Bridgwater, F. E., Byram, T. D. et al. (2001). Genetic parameter estimatesfor growth and wood density in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). International Journalof Forest Genetics, vol. 8, pp. 47–55.[11] Clair, J. B. St. (1994). Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size inDouglas-Fir. I. biomass partitioning, foliage efﬁciency, stem form, andwood density.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 24, no. 6. pp. 1226–1235.[12] Gavrikov, V. L. and Sekretenko, O. P. (1996). Shoot-based three-dimensional modelof young Scots pine growth. Ecological Modelling, vol. 88, no. 1–3, pp. 183–193.[13] Almeida, M., Graner, E. M., Brondani, G. E., et al. (2015). Plant morphogenesis:Theoretical bases. Advances in Forestry Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13–22.[14] Rencher, A. C. and Christensen, W. F. (2012). Methods of Multivariate Analysis. 3-RdEd. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.[15] Gan, G., Ma, Ch. and Wu, J. (2007). Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms, andApplications. Alexandria, Philadelphia: ASA-SIAM. 2007.[16] Neuimin, S. I., Shavnin, S. A., Montile, A. A., et al. (2016). Variability of characters inreproductive organs of three taxa within Agropyron Gaertn.: Mathematical analysis.Skvortsovia, vol. 3. no. 1, pp. 4–19.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 203

Dynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growth in the Progenies of Plus Pine Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.)

KnE Publishing Platform

Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesThe fourth International Scientific Conference onEcology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesVolume 2018Conference PaperDynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growthin the Progenies of Plus Pine Trees(Pinus sylvestris L.)S. A. Shavnin1, A. A. Montile1, A. I. Montile2, and D. Yu. Golikov11Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620130 Ekaterinburg,Russia2Ural State Forest Engineering University, 620049 Ekaterinburg, RussiaAbstractThe relationship between the characteristics of the linear growth of branches andstems was studied, as well as the possibility of distinguishing between variousScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes. The objects of research were experimentalplantations of the half-sib progenies of pine plus trees aged 10–11 years. The annualincrements of the stem and differently oriented branches were measured. Correlation,regression and data analysis methods developed by the authors were used. Thetime dynamics of the obtained values were studied by comparing the regression lineslopes describing the interrelation of axial increments and by analysis of the frequencyspectra of the Integral Parameter of Characters Sequence applied earlier. The analysisof the obtained results has shown the existence of a significant relationship betweenauxiblast linear growth within the two adjacent years and a weak interrelation of thecharacteristics of branch and stem morphogenesis. The possibility of distinguishingScots pine half-sib families by comparing the dynamics of branches and stem apicalgrowth is described.Keywords: Scots pine, apical growth of branches and stems, genotypic andphenotypic variability, impact of environmental factors on growth, morphogenesis ofwoody plants, growth modeling1. IntroductionThemorphogenesis ofwoody plants, including apical and radial growth, is controlled bygenome, physiological and biochemical mechanisms (redistribution of carbohydratesand hormones) and environmental factors [1–3]. At the same time, their interrelationhas not been studied enough; also, branch and stem growth are usually consideredseparately. It is known that the activity of apical and lateral meristems during thevegetation period of Scots pine does not coincide in time: the leading ones are theHow to cite this article: S. A. Shavnin, A. A. Montile, A. I. Montile, and D. Yu. Golikov, (2018), “Dynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growth inthe Progenies of Plus Pine Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.)” in The fourth International Scientific Conference on Ecology and Geography of Plants and PlantCommunities, KnE Life Sciences, pages 197–203. DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239Page 197Corresponding Author:S. A. Shavninsash@botgard.uran.ruReceived: 12 September 2018Accepted: 15 October 2018Published: 29 October 2018Publishing services provided byKnowledge ES. A. Shavnin et al. This articleis distributed under the terms ofthe Creative CommonsAttribution License, whichpermits unrestricted use andredistribution provided that theoriginal author and source arecredited.Selection and Peer-reviewunder the responsibility of theEcology and Geography ofPlants and Plant CommunitiesConference Committee.Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesapical meristems [4]. There is a sufficient number of studies of branch [5–8] and stem[9–11] growth which indicate a significant dependence on genome. As a rule, in thestudy of stem and branch growth the integral characteristics (height, diameter, length)are used, but their rate dynamics over several years are not considered. It shouldbe noted that the impact of environmental factors on growth depends on climatevariability over years [4, 12] and the influence of weather conditions. The reactionof plants to the impact of these factors is also under genetic control [13]. Thus, thedynamics of the growth of different Pinus taeda L. genotypes over several years alsodiffers [6]. This allows us to suggest that studying the changes in branch and tree stemgrowth rates over a number of years will make it possible to distinguish genotypes andto assess their potential productivity, as well as to get additional information on therelationship of these growth processes during morphogenesis.The objectives for this research were to (1) study the interrelations between char-acteristics of the linear growth of the axial auxiblasts of branches and stems and (2)assess the possibility of distinguishing between half-sib families in the progenies ofdifferent Scots pine plus trees with the use of these parameters.2. MethodsThe object of the study was the comparative sylvicultures of Scots pine, created inthe territory of the Sysert Forest district in the 1990s (Sverdlovsk Region, Russia). Twogroups of descendant families of plus trees (3 families in each) were examined. Ingroups 1 and 2, family numbers corresponded to the registered numbers of plus trees– 11, 1, 52 and 38, 50 and 56, respectively. Each family consists of 24–29 trees. In group1 (the age of the trees was 10 years), the length of axial auxiblasts over 4 years (2001–2004) on branches (6 years old) of the southern, southeastern and eastern exposureswere measured on each tree. In group 2 (the age of the trees was 11 years), the annualincrements of branches of the southern exposition and the axial increments of the stemover the last 7 years (1999–2005) were measured on each tree. The accuracy of themeasurements was 1.0 mm.When analyzing the data obtained, the methods of cluster and regression analysis[14, 15] were used (STATISTICA v 8.0). In the analysis of phenotypic variability, weused the method of determining the frequency spectra of the Integral Parameter ofCharacters Sequence (IPCS, previously described as IPCMS [16]). This allows one todescribe the polymorphism of plants according to the complex (in a given sequence)of characters using the series of IPCS frequency values in the groups under study.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 198Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesA particular spectrum is a set of IPCS values for a set of objects. The frequenciesof value occurrence in the graphic display are indicated by the gradation of color (inshades of gray). For the analysis, the informative parameters were the IPCS positionalarrangement and the frequencies.3. ResultsData analysis of axial increments of differently oriented branches in group 1, as well asof separate branches and stems in group 2, has shown a significant reliable correlationbetween them in two adjacent years. This indicates the influence of the processesdetermining one-year increments on the next year’s axial growth. This dependence isobserved in branches of each exposure and in their sum set. Thus the effect of orienta-tion is not significant. The regression analysis of branch auxiblasts growth within twoyears (2001–2002) in group 1 confirms the existence of a linear connection betweenannual increments. For families 1, 11 and 52, the regression equations are: y = 5.3739+ 0.8697 * x (r = 0.882); y = 16.3372 + 0.448 * x (r = 0.634); y = 5.725 + 0.8268 * x (r =0.811), respectively (P < 0.0001). In the equations: y – growth for 2002, x – growth for2001 and the coefficient at x characterizes the slope of the regression line. The rela-tionship between the growth of both branches as stems for two adjacent years existsfor each family and for the whole group. Comparison of the results of the correlationand regression analyses of axial increments of branches and stems for two adjacentyears (Table 1) indicates a significant difference in their interrelationships. This is alsoconfirmed by the absence of reliable correlation between one-year growth valuesof the stems and branches, and also by the absence of a nonlinear interconnectionbetween them.Following the assumption that growth characteristic dynamics are inheritable, acomparative analysis of the regularities of branch and tree stem growth of families ingroup 2 was carried out for the whole studied time interval (1999–2005). The restora-tion of the linear relationship between increments in two adjacent years revealed,as evidenced by a comparison of the slopes of the regression lines (Table 1), thesignificant differences in the growth dynamics for individual families. These data anal-yses also have shown that within a single period of time families can be distinguishedby the use of slope coefficient values, but during some periods different families mayreact in the same way. Because of this, for a more correct and reliable distinguishingDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 199Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesT 1: Correlation coefficients (r at P < 0.05) and slope coefficients of regression lines (a) for axial annualincrements of branches and stems of Scots pine plus trees half-sib families in group 2.Years Family Number38 50 56r a r a r aBranches1999–2000 0.281 0.642 – – – –2000–2001 0.741 0.938 0.019 0.018 0.649 0.5662001–2002 0.950 0.881 0.640 0.653 0.764 0.8762002–2003 0.321 0.175 0.625 0.643 0.833 0.7242003–2004 0.600 0.591 0.761 0.614 0.773 0.6832004–2005 0.751 0.745 0.791 0.316 0.722 0.620Stem1999–2000 0.778 0.519 0.671 0.372 0.776 0.7312000–2001 0.825 0.790 0.650 0.861 0.765 1.0042001–2002 0.562 0.443 0.706 0.485 0.790 0.8712002–2003 0.489 0.590 0.476 0.755 0.741 0.7522003–2004 0.378 0.337 0.407 0.487 0.455 0.4532004–2005 0.562 0.568 0.679 0.473 0.472 0.468Source: Authors’ own work.between families it is necessary to analyze the dynamics of changes in axial incre-ments over a period longer than two years. For the trees from one family, the coeffi-cients significantly ‘coincide’ for all or almost all pairs of years in the selected period.It should be noted that the parameters related to the specific heredity are not annualincrements of the branches or stems, but the characteristics of the dynamics of theirchanges, described by the slope angle of the regression line.In addition to the approach described, a new method for analyzing the dynamicsof growth characteristics, based on the determination of IPCS spectra, was used todistinguish individual families. To characterize the half-sib families, samples consistingof trees from an individual family (3 samples, 9 trees with mismatched numbers ineach) were used. The characters used annual axial increments of branches or stemsfor the studied period of time. During the intermediate analysis of data, the identifiersof the resulting IPCS were established as branch increments of recent years, and forthe stems – increments at the beginning of measurement period. The final analysishas shown that the IPCS frequency spectra for axial increments of branches and stemsdo not coincide both with respect to the arrangement of lines in the spectra and tothe sequences of samples from individual families. The latter were established aftercalculations and are shown on the horizontal axis of Figure 1. It should be noted thatDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 200Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesthe number of lines in the spectra corresponds to the number of characters (annualincrements).Figure 1: IPCS frequency spectra (higher frequency values are darker) of samples taken from families ofgroup 2 (numbers 38, 50 and 56), calculated according to the annual axial increments values of the stems(a) and branches (b). Source: Authors’ own work.The position of the line (the value of IPCS) and the frequency (line color intensity)characterize the individual manifestation of a particular character in the sample. Thecompact arrangement of samples from one family in the sequence indicates a rela-tively low variability of growth characteristics in the family. In this case, the spectraobtained by processing data about branches (Figure 1(b)), in comparisonwith the spec-tra for stems (Figure 1(a)), show a more reliable distinction of families. Thus families50 and 56 are maximally separated in the sequence of samples from each other andonly a small mix of samples from families 56 and 38 is observed. The comparison ofbranch and stem axial increment values with the use of the IPCS frequency spectrarevealed their essential difference, which is corresponds to the conclusion obtainedafter correlation and regression analyses, that the growth processes of branches andstems differ.4. ConclusionThe analysis of the results obtained from the study of auxiblast axial growth of Scotspine trees allows us to conclude that there is a linear relationship between the apicalgrowth of both branches and stems for two adjacent years. It is also revealed thatDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 201Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communitiesdespite the existence of the same patterns in the morphogenesis of the stems andbranches, the relationship between their annual increments is weak. It has been estab-lished that to distinguish half-sib families from the plus trees’ progeny ismore effectivenot to use the absolute values of growth characteristics but rather their dynamics overseveral years. To describe the latter, coefficients of the regression equations of theinterconnection of axial annual increments of both branches and stems can be used,as well as the new independent approach – comparative analysis of the frequencyspectra of the Integral Parameter of the Characters Sequence values, calculated for aset of families.AcknowledgementThe work was supported by the Integrated Program of Presidium of the Ural Branchof RAS for 2018–2020 (state registration No. AAAA-A17-117072810009-8) and by theprogram of FNI RAS for 2013–2020 (state registration No. AAAA-A-17-117072810010-4).References[1] Kozlowski, T. T. and Pallardy, St. G. (1997). Growth Control in Woody Plants. AcademicPress.[2] Pallardy, St. G. (2008). Physiology of Woody Plants (third edition). Academic Press.[3] Zimmerman, M. H. and Brown, C. L. (1971). Trees: Structure and Function. Berlin:Springer-Verlag.[4] Pietarinen, I., Kanninen,M., Hari, P., et al. (1982). A simulationmodel for daily growthof shoots, needles, and stem diameter in Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris). ForestScience, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 573–581.[5] Wang, Q., Little, C. H. A., and Oden, P. C. (1997). Control of longitudinal and cambialgrowth by Gibberellins and Indole-3-Acetic acid in current year shoots of Pinussylvestris. Tree Physiology, vol. 17, pp. 715–721.[6] Quesada, T., Parisi, L. M., Huber, D. A., et al. (2017). Genetic control of growth andshoot phenology in Juvenile Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) clonal trials. Tree Geneticsand Genomes, vol. 13, no. 65, pp. 1–15.[7] Isik, F., Isik, K., Yildirim, T., et al. (2002). Annual shoot growth components relatedto growth of Pinus brutia. Tree Physiology, vol. 22, pp. 51– 58.[8] Clair, J. B. St. (1994). Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size inDouglas-Fir. II. crown form, branch characters, and foliage characters. CanadianDOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 202Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant CommunitiesJournal of Forest Research, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1236–1247.[9] Emhart, V. I., Martin, T. A., White, T. L., et al. (2006). Genetic variation in basal areaincrement phenology and its correlation with growth rate in loblolly and slash pinefamilies and clones. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 36, pp. 961–971.[10] Gwaze, D. P., Bridgwater, F. E., Byram, T. D. et al. (2001). Genetic parameter estimatesfor growth and wood density in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). International Journalof Forest Genetics, vol. 8, pp. 47–55.[11] Clair, J. B. St. (1994). Genetic variation in tree structure and its relation to size inDouglas-Fir. I. biomass partitioning, foliage efficiency, stem form, andwood density.Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 24, no. 6. pp. 1226–1235.[12] Gavrikov, V. L. and Sekretenko, O. P. (1996). Shoot-based three-dimensional modelof young Scots pine growth. Ecological Modelling, vol. 88, no. 1–3, pp. 183–193.[13] Almeida, M., Graner, E. M., Brondani, G. E., et al. (2015). Plant morphogenesis:Theoretical bases. Advances in Forestry Science, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13–22.[14] Rencher, A. C. and Christensen, W. F. (2012). Methods of Multivariate Analysis. 3-RdEd. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.[15] Gan, G., Ma, Ch. and Wu, J. (2007). Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms, andApplications. Alexandria, Philadelphia: ASA-SIAM. 2007.[16] Neuimin, S. I., Shavnin, S. A., Montile, A. A., et al. (2016). Variability of characters inreproductive organs of three taxa within Agropyron Gaertn.: Mathematical analysis.Skvortsovia, vol. 3. no. 1, pp. 4–19.DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i7.3239 Page 203

The relationship between the characteristics of the linear growth of branches and stems was studied, as well as the possibility of distinguishing between various Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) genotypes. The objects of research were experimental plantations of the half-sib progenies of pine plus trees aged 10–11 years. The annual increments of the stem and differently oriented branches were measured. Correlation, regression and data analysis methods developed by the authors were used. The time dynamics of the obtained values were studied by comparing the regression line slopes describing the interrelation of axial increments and by analysis of the frequency spectra of the Integral Parameter of Characters Sequence applied earlier. The analysis of the obtained results has shown the existence of a significant relationship between auxiblast linear growth within the two adjacent years and a weak interrelation of the characteristics of branch and stem morphogenesis. The possibility of distinguishing Scots pine half-sib families by comparing the dynamics of branches and stem apical growth is described

Golikov, D. Y.

Electronic archive of the Ural State Forest Engineering University

Dynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growth in the Progenies of Plus Pine Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.).

Shavnin, S. A. (S)

Montile, A. A. (A)

Montile, A. I. (A)

Golikov, D. Y. (D)

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Dynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growth in the Progenies of Plus Pine Trees (Pinus Sylvestris L.)

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Dynamics of Branch and Stem Apical Growth in the Progenies of Plus Pine Trees (Pinus sylvestris L.)

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