The goal of this chapter is to provide a general introduction about graphene nanocomposites studied by Raman spectroscopy. The chapter will therefore begin with a brief description of the major Raman bands of carbon allotropes. In the following chapter a concise comparison between single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), fullerenes and graphene is exposed. The characteristic features in Raman spectra of carbon allotropes, namely the intense signals D and G are investigated. In particular, the chapter will outline the Raman spectrum of graphene and different types of graphene oxide. The last part of the chapter is devoted to graphene nanocomposites
