Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are contractile membranes that occur on the inner surface of the retina and can lead to significant visual impairment when located at the central retina. Recent advances in vitreoretinal surgery have greatly improved the safety and efficacy of microsurgical intervention at the retinal surface level. Today, vitrectomy and membrane peels are considered the treatment of choice for most patients with ERMs that create significant visual symptoms. Nevertheless, possible complications such as accelerated cataract formation, recurrence of ERM and retinal detachment may withhold the choice of surgical intervention. Additionally, in some cases, simple observation may be advised. In view of surgery, controversies regarding techniques such as those related to an internal limiting membrane peel and the use of dye still exist. In this chapter, we cover current surgical techniques for ERM removal, their expected results, possible complications, as well as a guide for possible case selection
