A millikelvin scanning tunneling microscope in ultra-high vacuum with adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration

Abstract

We present the design and performance of an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) that uses adiabatic demagnetization of electron magnetic moments for controlling its operating temperature in the range between 30 mK and 1 K with the accuracy of up to 7 $\mu$K. The time available for STM experiments at 50 mK is longer than 20 h, at 100 mK about 40 h. The single-shot adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) can be regenerated automatically within 7 hours while keeping the STM temperature below 5 K. The whole setup is located in a vibrationally isolated, electromagnetically shielded laboratory with no mechanical pumping lines penetrating through its isolation walls. The 1K pot of the ADR cryostat can be operated silently for more than 20 days in a single-shot mode using a custom-built high-capacity cryopump. A high degree of vibrational decoupling together with the use of a specially-designed minimalistic STM head provides an outstanding mechanical stability, demonstrated by the tunneling current noise, STM imaging, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements all performed on atomically clean Al(100) surface.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figure