Publisher's version. Journal homepage http://www.mrsntorino.it/cms/il-museo/attivita-editoriale.htmlVertebral coalescence and malformation in the lateral line are reported in a specimen of cultured cyprinid fish Hypophthalamichthys nobilis . Severe vertebral fusion was observed and described. Lateral line showed unusual undulation in the trunk region. Genetic and epigenetic causes may be implicated in these anomalies

Jawad, Laith A.

Kousha, Armin

English

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29Laith A. JAwAd1, Armin KoushA2A case of vertebral coalescence and lateral line deformity in Hypophthalamichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1844) obtained from aquaculture activity in IranAbstRActVertebral coalescence and malformation in the lateral line are reported in a specimen of cultured cyprinid fish Hypophthalamichthys nobilis . severe vertebral fusion was observed and described. Lateral line showed unusual undulation in the trunk region. Genetic and epigenetic causes may be implicated in these anomalies.  Keywords: Abnormality, vertebral coalescence, lateral line, Hypophthalamichthys nobilis, Iran.1 Marine Science & Fisheries Centre, Ministry of Fisheries Wealth Muscat, Sultanate of Oman2 Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, University of Tromso, NorwaySpinal deformities in natural and reared fish populations are relatively well described and documented (tutman et al., 2000; Dulčić, 2004; Jawad, 2005). In wild fishes, the visible anomalies are usually encountered through fishing activi-ties, angling, and scientific studies. They are used as indicators of water pollu-tion, because of their high incidence in polluted areas (bengtsson, 1979).Fish reared in an aquacultural setting are exposed to different environmental cues and stimuli as compared with wild fish. Food, habitat, water quality, light-ing, and sound may be well controlled in food-focused aquaculture, but these variables are only relevant to the extent that they limit growth rates or survival of the product (schwartz et al., 2005). The quality of aquaculture-produced fish depends on organoleptic and mor-phological characteristics that are directly related to the quality of the fry and its diet (Dinis & Soares, 1993). In fish culture the frequencies of phenotypic anomalies can be higher than the wild population because environmental control ensures survival while in the wild predation and other components of natural boll. Mus. reg. sci. nat. torino Vol. 28 - N. 1 pp. 29-36 31-10-201130selection can eliminate specimen showing different kinds of anomalies (tave et al., 1982). In aquaculture, skeletal abnormalities are a serious economical problem, as they reduce the market value of produced fish by affecting their morphology and survival (Koumoundouros et al., 1997). thus, it is important to describe abnor-mal phenotypes that usually occur in the cultured population and analyse their effects on economically important criteria, and discover their causes so that the frequencies may be controlled (tave et al., 1982). coalescence of vertebrae is an abnormality that has been reported to occur in several fish groups both culture and wild populations (Komada, 1980; Daoulas et al., 1991; Divanach et al., 1996). such an extensive fusion of vertebrae is seri-ously affecting the shape of the body (boglione et al., 1993). Abnormalities in the lateral line of fish, however, have received little scien-tific attention (Dawson, 1964, 1966, 1971; Dawson & Heal, 1971). Incidence of malformation of the lateral line is relatively common in captive bred fish (Car-rillo et al., 2001; Jawad et al., 2007), but rare in the wild.In fish, the mechanoreceptor neuromast cells, the major receptors for external vibrational and gravitational stimuli are associated with the lateral line system (bleckmann, 1986). thus, malformation of the lateral line will be expected to di-rectly affect sense reception, which may disrupt schooling behaviour, predation avoidance, feeding, social communication (Partridge & Pitcher, 1980; bleck-mann, 1986) and possible survivorship.In the present study, we describe a skeletal abnormality and a lateral line de-formity in one hatchery adult fish specimen. No previous report on record about fish anomalies in cultured fish in Iran, thus the abnormal cases reported in the present study are considered the first record to the aquaculture industry in Iran. The objective of work is to contribute to the identification of specific anatomical descriptions useful to set up morphological quality criteria. It will be important to determine whether modifications outside of the lateral line are accompanied by histological and cytological modifications of its neuromasts.Adult specimen of bighead carp Hypophthalamichthys nobilis (age 1) with skeletal deformity and lateral line malformation described in this study  was ob-tained on January 2008 from the hatchery of the School of Fisheries, Azad Uni-versity, Iran in Mazandaran Province and held in ground ponds. the specimen was grown using normal culture techniques. the system is a closed type supplied with running water from the nearby river and from wells present in the area. Water temperature ranges between 18-20 °C, pH at 7 water hardness is regularly mediated. Enrichment by fertilizers is the feeding method that usually followed. since part of the water supplied to the tank is originated, therefore is a great pos-sibility for the pollutants to be present in the aquaculture tanks. both anomalies occurred naturally; neither the eggs nor the developing fry were treated with chemicals or physical stimuli to alter development. both normal specimen (Fig. 1 above) used for comparison and the abnormal fish (Fig.1 below) came from the same pond. the specimen was radiographed with ordinary X-rays to inter-pret the skeletal anomaly and to verify any potential correlation between lateral 31line abnormality and osteological deformity (Fig. 2 above and below). A normal bighead carp specimen of similar total length and age was chosen as comparison specimen. Using the radiographs, the length of the fish from the anterior margin of the first vertebra to the posterior margin of the last vertebra is divided by aver-age vertebra length to produce a ratio that is used to compare abnormal fish with normal fish. Head and tail length were excluded because the abnormality is in the thoracic region. Age was determined from scales viewed under light microscope.Measurements for the deformed specimen are as follows: total length 455 mm, standard length 380 mm, fork length 405 mm, head length 112 mm, preor-bital length 30 mm, eye diameter 14 mm, body depth 158 mm. For the case of vertebral coalescence, the following features were observed in the vertebral column of the deformed carp specimen (Fig 2 below). coalescence of vertebrae was noticed in the posterior and anterior parts of the thoracic and abdominal regions respectively. In the thoracic region at least three of the last vertebrae were involved in the fusion while in the abdominal region only the first abdominal vertebra is affected. Except for the first coalescent vertebra the remaining fused thoracic vertebrae shown to have completely lost their normal morphology and transformed into an irregular shape lump of bony material. On the other hand, the first abdominal vertebra has lost its anterior part only. Non-alignment and misplacement of the neural and haemal spines and ribs of the tho-Fig. 1 - External morphology of bighead carp Hypophthalamichthys nobilis.  Above: normal fish. Below: abnormal fish with lateral line and skeletal deformities.32racic vertebrae were also observed. the thoracic vertebrae situated at the anterior part of the vertebral column and the abdominal vertebrae located after the first abdominal vertebra shown no evidence of anomalies. the coalescence of vertebrae in H. nobilis had an obvious effect on body length. Normal H. nobilis had a body length/ vertebra length ratio of 96: 1. Fish specimen with coalescence had a body length/ vertebra length ratio of only 33: 1. The difference between the two ratios reflects the effects that the coalescent vertebrae had on body length. the lateral line of the normal H. nobilis is continuous with a dorsoventral curvature starting behind the operculum to the posterior end of the dorsal fin. Then continue straight to the base of the caudal fin (Fig.1 above). In the abnormal carp specimen, the lateral line shows undulation with dorsoventral curvatures in the area behind the operculum to the posterior end of the anal fin. Lateral line is deformed in the both sides of the abnormal specimen (Fig. 1 below). Fig. 2 - X-ray of bighead carp Hypophthalamichthys nobilis. Above: normal fish. Below: fish with skeletal deformity. 33X-ray examination revealed vertebral coalescence in the region of the lateral line abnormalities. the scales around the affected area of the lateral line, how-ever, exhibit no abnormalities.the dark mass appeared in the x-ray of the normal and abnormal specimen is the air-bladder. In the normal specimen, the air-bladder is composed of two section, the anterior part is rectangular in shape (size, 75 mm) while the posterior section is pear-shaped (size, 62.5 mm). For the abnormal specimen, there was only one part of the air-bladder. This part has wide pear-shaped (size, 112.5 mm). the combination of genome, environment and developmental noise can produce what is known as phenotype (scheiner, 1993). It is quite obvious that diversities in the genetic pool can determine variations in the developmental pat-tern. Developmental noise is a factor which can theoretically induce phenotype differences in genetically identical individuals developing in identical environ-ments (Divanach et al., 1996). In this context, morphological variability in a genetically related population can supply a “size” of the developmental noise. In this regard, soulè (1982) maintains that an augmentation of the phenotypic vari-ability is a characteristic of biologic systems subjected to stress (like intensive rearing conditions, for instance) and that developmental noise reveals itself as a reduction of the intracellular order. the second factor, the environment, includes the influences exercised by external conditions, such as biotic and abiotic factors (Divanach et al., 1996). skeletal abnormalities can be induced during embryonic and postembryonic periods of life through a complicated mechanism (cataudella et al., 1996; Kou-moundouros et al., 1994, 1995). Gavaia et al., (2002) stated that the development of vertebral fusion may be the most susceptible to rearing conditions in captivity. this deformity are among the most visible, since it can alter the shape and length of the fish depending on the severity and number of structures affected and consequently make it less at-tractive for the consumer. Nutritional factors such as levels of vitamin A and its precursors or f vitamin c in the diet have also been shown to affect the develop-ment of the skeletal structures in other fish species (Madson & Dalsgaard, 1999). In the present case of vertebral coalescence in the bighead carp, without addi-tional data it is impossible to support the biotic and abiotic hypotheses in caus-ing skeletal anomalies. Establishment of both nutritional and abiotic parameters involved in the mechanisms leading to the appearance of this deformity must be determined in order to prevent a high incidence of malformations particularly under intensive culture conditions. Lateral line malformation has been attributed to several factors. the classical works of Popovici (1930) and Popov (1931) suggested that such anomaly is the result of irregular scalation, mechanical dysfunction, and environmental factors. Kozikowska (1960) and Whitefield et al. (1996) suggested that genetic mutations that affect the development of the lateral line produce such anomaly. two genetic mutations were found to be responsible for lateral line defects in zebrafish, Danio rerio (Whitefield et al., 1996). the association of the vertebral coalescence and lateral line deformity observed in the present study can be not completely unex-34pected case since such association is often seen in the cultured Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata (Divanach et al., 1996). clearly more detailed investigation is required to determine the cause of lat-eral line deformity observed here, but the present records is nevertheless signifi-cant because it is considered the first record for the Iranian aquaculture system and in the same time indicates a prompt attention to the health management of culture ponds. 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A case of vertebral coalescence and lateral line deformity in Hypophthalamichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1844) obtained from aquaculture activity in Iran

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A case of vertebral coalescence and lateral line deformity in Hypophthalamichthys nobilis (Richardson, 1844) obtained from aquaculture activity in Iran

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