The present investigation was aimed to investigate the gene action in early maturing maize (Zea mays&nbsp;L.) inbred lines. The experimental material comprised of 30 crosses generated by crossing six maize inbred lines in a diallel mating design during&nbsp;Kharif&nbsp;2013. These 30 crosses along with standard checks viz., SMH-2 and VMH-45 were evaluated in randomized block design in three replications during&nbsp;Kharif&nbsp;2014 and&nbsp;Kharif&nbsp;2015. Significant variation was observed for all studied traits during both the seasons. Both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) components of genetic variance were found significant under the study. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was observed for all traits under study. Average degree of dominance was in over dominance range for all characters. The gene distribution was asymmetrical for all traits. The value of KD / KR indicated presence of excess of dominant genes for all traits except 100-grain weight and ear girth. Heritability of most of the traits was low to medium

Abidi, I.

Ali, G.

Dar, Z.A.

Gulzar, S.

Lone, A.A.

Lone, R.A.

Yousuf, N.

English

Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

   INTRODUCTION Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cereal crop, grown widely throughout the world in a range of agro-ecological  environments that include tropics, sub-tropics and temper-ate regions; from sea level to 3000 m above (Morris, 2002) both under irrigated to semi-arid conditions. Having origi-nated in Mexico, maize is now grown at least in 164 coun-tries around the world and a tremendous choice is availa-ble as regards varieties maturing in 85 days to more than 200 days (Brink and Belay, 2006) with variability in grain colour, size and texture. Maize has a worldwide signifi-cance as food, feed and as a good source of starch, protein and oil. Many countries rely on maize as a primary staple as it meets the protein and calorie requirements of the  human beings (Vasal, 2002). Hayman’s approach of diallel analysis (Hayman, 1954) is most suited to determine the type of gene action, controlling the expression of plant in early generations, which is a prerequisite for genetic  improvement of any crop. Knowing the gene actions  governing the traits of interest, plant breeders can devise suitable strategies to develop novel germplasm (Kearsey and Pooni, 1998). Thus, the present study was conducted over two environments, to have reliable estimates of the various components of genetic variation for traits related to in a set of elite maize lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six early  maturing maize inbred lines viz. V-351, V-335, KDM-332A, KDM-347, KDM-913A and KDM-445A were crossed in a diallel mating design during Kharif sea-son of 2013 and all 30 possible single crosses, along with two standard checks viz., SMH-2 and VMH-45 were eval-uated in a randomized block design (RBD) with three  replications during Kharif season of 2014 and Kharif sea-son of 2015 at Dryland (Karewa) Agricultural Research  Station, Budgam, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Observa-tions were recorded on morphological traits viz., days to 50 % tasseling, 50 % silking, plant height, ear length (cm), ear girth (cm), number of kernel rows per ear, number of  kernels per row, hundred grain weight and grain yield per plant (in grams). Diallel component analysis (Hayman, 1954) was performed with the help of statistical software Windostat version 9.1. ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE   Gene action studies in early maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines Z.A. Dar1,2, A.A. Lone1, G. Ali1, I. Abidi, R.A1. Lone, S. Gulzar1, Abrar Yasin1, Yusra Ali1 and N. Yousuf1  1Dryland (Karewa) Agricultural Research Station, Budgam, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and  Technology of Kashmir-190001 (J & K), INDIA  2Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir  -190001 (J&K), INDIA *Corresponding author’s E-mail: zahoorpbg@gmail.com Citation of this article: Dar, Z.A., Lone, A.A., Ali, G., Abidi, I., Lone, R.A., Gulzar, S., Yasin, A., Ali, Y. and Yousuf, N. (2017). Gene action studies in early maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2(2): 68-71. ARTICLE HISTORY Received: 02 May 2017 Accepted: 28 May 2017 Keywords Component analysis Gene action Diallel Maize Maize inbreds ABSTRACT The present investigation was aimed to investigate the gene action in early maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. The experimental material comprised of 30 crosses generated by crossing six maize inbred lines in a diallel mating design during Kharif 2013. These 30 crosses along with  standard checks viz., SMH-2 and VMH-45 were evaluated in randomized block design in three replications during Kharif 2014 and Kharif 2015. Significant variation was observed for all studied traits during both the seasons. Both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) components of genetic  variance were found significant under the study. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was observed for all traits under study. Average degree of dominance was in over dominance range for all characters. The gene distribution was asymmetrical for all traits. The value of KD / KR indicated presence of excess of dominant genes for all traits except 100-grain weight and ear girth.  Heritability of most of the traits was low to medium  ©2017 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy This content is available online at AESA  Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science  Journal homepage: www.aesacademy.org Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 2 (2): 68-71 (2017)  e-ISSN: 2456-6632 69   Z.A. Dar et al. /Arch. Agr. Environ. Sci., 2 (2): 68-71 (2017)  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all the characters, over the environments, showed significant differences among environments (Kharif seasons of 2015 and 2016), geno-types and genotype × environment interaction (Table 1). Significant genotype × environment interaction suggested the differential response of genotypes over the environ-ments. Analysis of variance for all the characters under study in two different environments indicated significant differences among the treatments, i.e. six parents and 30 diallel set of crosses. Significant variation among the yield traits in maize was earlier reported by Hussain et al. (2009), Haq et al. (2009), Kumar et al. (2012), Dawod et al. (2012) and Sarac and Nedelea (2013a) and Dar et al. (2017).  The components of genetic variation were estimated for all the characters and pooled results are presented in Table 2.  Analysis of the components of genetic variance revealed that both additive (D) and dominance components (H1 and H2) were significant for all the traits. This finding suggest-ed the involvement of both these dominance components (H1 and H2) in the inheritance of these traits, however greater magnitude of dominance component demonstrated greater role of dominance component in the inheritance of these traits. The distribution of alleles in the parents  revealed that positive and negative alleles at these loci are not in equal proportion in parents as H1 exceeds H2 and dominance gene action resulted mainly from positive gene action. Dawod et al. (2012) reported relatively higher  estimates of dominance components than additive compo-nent for kernel rows ear-1, kernels row-1 and grain yield which are in line with the present findings. Estimation of H2 effects was found to be significant and positive for all traits studied revealing that net dominance effect over all the loci in heterozygote was more and that too it exhibited dominance in positive direction. Value of F estimate was  positive and non significant for all traits studied except kernels row-1 thus revealing contribution of more recessive alleles towards dominance deviation. On the contrary, the value of F estimate was significant and positive for kernels row-1 revealing higher frequency of dominant alleles in the parents for these traits. Proportions of components of  genetic variations were calculated and results are presented in Table 3. The average degree of dominance indicated over-dominance for all the traits, over the environments which suggested the importance of non-additive type of gene action for all the traits. Over-dominance for ear traits and grain yield, similar to present findings was also  reported by Kumar et al. (2012), Dawod et al. (2012) and Sarac and Nedelea (2013a, 2013b). The study of propor-tions of various genetic components of variance revealed that the proportion of (H2/4H1) was less then 0.25 for all the studied traits indicating asymmetrical gene distribution in the parents. Asymmetric distribution of genes for  kernels rows ear-1 was reported by Khodarahmpour (2011) which supports the present findings. Also Zare et al. (2011) observed values of H2/4H1 away from 0.25,  show-ing asymmetric distribution of positive and negative domi-nant genes for kernel rows ear-1 and kernels row-1 in their study. The genetic ratio KD/KR which gives the propor-tion of dominant and recessive alleles in the parent was found to be greater than unity for all traits studied except for ear girth and 100-grain weight where it was less than unity. This suggested that barring ear girth and 100-grain weight there was higher proportion of dominant alleles in the parents for traits studied and the recessive and domi-Table 1. Pooled analysis of variance for different characters in maize. S.N. Source of  Variation d.f Days to 50% anthesis Days to 50% silking Plant height (cm) Ear length (cm) Ear girth (cm) Kernel row ear-1 Kernels row-1 100-grain weight (g) Grain yield plant-1 (g)  1.  Environments 1 11410.630** 11767.210** 51406.20** 395.877** 86.889** 0.195 1410.320** 149.291** 39540.790**  2. Treatments 35 62.657** 60.389** 5602.520** 16.962** 4.487** 10.758** 86.745** 60.830** 3576.861**  3. Parents 5 22.364** 23.794** 4633.733** 8.083** 2.737** 15.233** 55.635** 41.463** 919.779**  4. Hybrids 29 28.809** 30.670** 2524.578** 6.959** 2.476** 9.485** 56.725** 42.760** 1468.898**  5. Parents v.s   Hybrids 1 2737.609** 2410.395** 6301.400** 799.409** 149.165** 43.851** 3652.503** 1565.938** 169621.302**  6. Treatment x Environments 35 4.494** 3.072** 637.316** 5.178** 1.52** 1.936** 19.873** 5.283** 389.46**  7. Parent x  Environments 5 5.385** 3.252** 507.004** 1.065* 0.571* 0.315 7.990** 2.358** 39.916  8. Hybrids x  Environments 29 4.089** 2.860** 632.688** 5.061** 1.516** 2.217** 18.892** 5.791** 385.51**  9. Parent v. s  Hybrids x  Environments 1 15199** 14.467** 2337.569** 59.126** 7.133** 2.447** 210.735** 9.763** 53778.4**  10. Error 70 1.143 1.314 31.848 0.494 0.247 0.364 1.918 0.911 27.199 *, ** significant at 5 and 1 per cent level, respectively. 70   Z.A. Dar et al. /Arch. Agr. Environ. Sci., 2 (2): 68-71 (2017) Table 2. Estimates of genetic parameters for grain yield and other attributes in maize.     S.N.    Components  Days to 50% anthesis Days to 50% silking Plant height (cm) Ear length (cm) Ear girth (cm) Kernel row  ear -1 Kernels  row-1 100- grain weight (g) Grain yield plant-1 (g)   Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled  1.                         D 5.55** 5.62** 11150.72** 1.89 0.62** 3.72 13.68** 10.14** 222.40* + 1.87 + 1.80 + 86.43 + 0.70 + 0.12 + 0.42 + 2.17 + 1.12 + 95.55  2.         H1 41.68** 39.84** 2414.44** 11.44** 2.30** 4.05** 53.66** 30.12** 2290.73** + 3.73 + 3.59 + 152.90 + 1.40 + 0.24 + 0.84 + 4.34 + 2.24 + 191.16  3.         H2 36.17** 34.06** 2253.81** 10.18** 2.19** 3.39** 47.31** 26.66** 2077.34** + 3.11 + 2.99 + 127.19 + 1.16 + 0.20 + 0.70 + 3.61 + 1.86 + 159.01  4.         h2 225.64** 199.12** 17897.58** 66.03** 12.24** 3.59** 301.95** 128.69** 14034.06** + 2.08 + 2.00 + 82.04 + 0.78 + 1.13 + 0.47 + 2.41 + 1.25 + 106.32  5.          F 2.87 2.36 124.16 1.37 0.03** 0.70** 8.68 1.17 25.39 + 4.23 + 4.07 + 173.23 + 1.59 + 0.27 + 0.95 + 4.92 + 2.54 + 216.57  6.         E 0.29 0.33 7.96 0.12 0.06 0.09** 0.48 0.23 6.80 + 0.52 + 0.50 + 21.20 + 0.19 + 0.3 + 0.12 + 0.60 + 0.31 + 26.50  *, ** significant at 5 and 1 per cent level, respectively. D – variance component due to additive genetic effects; H 1- variance  component due to dominance deviations; H 2 – estimate of dominance genetic variance due to proportion of positive and negative genes; h 2 – net dominance effect; F – mean of covariance of additive and dominance effects over all the arrays; E – environmental component of variation.    Table 3. Proportion of components of genetic variation for different characters in maize.     S.N.    Components Days 50% anthesis Days  to 50% silking Plant height (cm) Ear length (cm) Ear girth (cm) Kernel rows ear-1 Kernels row-1 100- grain weight (g) Grain yield plant-1 (g)   Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled  2.   (H1/D)1/2 2.74 2.66 1.45 2.46 1.92 1.04 1.98 1.72 3.21  3.  H2/4H1 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.23  4.  (4DH1)1/2 +F  = KD  (4DH1)1/2 - F     KR 1.20 1.17 1.08 1.35 0.97 1.20 1.38 0.94 1.04  5. h2/H2 6.24 5.87 7.94 6.49 5.60 1.06 6.38 4.83 6.76  6. Heritability  h2 (n.s) 12.16 12.65 33.13 15.19 19.45 50.07 22.58 23.95 18.84 (H1/D)1/2 - average degree of dominance; H2/4H 1 - proportion of dominant genes with positive and negative effects; KD/KR - proportion of dominant and recessive genes; h2/  2 - proportion of gene(s)/gene(s) blocks exhibiting dominance; h2 (ns) - narrow sense heritability estimate.  71   nant genes where nearly equal for traits viz., 100-grain weight and ear girth. Similar to the present findings the prevalence of dominant genes for ear related traits and grain yield was reported by Zare et al. (2011) and Kumar et al. (2012). The proportion of average degree of  dominance measured form genetic components of variance (H1/D) 0.5 was more than unity thus revealing over domi-nance for the traits studied.  The narrow sense heritability was highest for kernel rows ear-1 (50.07%) followed by plant height (33.13%), 100 grain weight (23.95%) and kernels row-1 (22.58%) (Table 3). The moderate heritability for kernel rows ear-1 suggest-ed effectiveness of selection for improvement of this trait. Ear length, ear girth and grain yield plant-1 exhibited low heritabilities (15.19 % 19.45 % and 18.84 %) over the  seasons suggesting lower selection efficiency for these traits. Low narrow sense heritability for grain yield (~10%) was reported by Khodarahmpour (2011), and Sarac and Nedelea (2013b), which also reported relatively less genetic variation for yield in their material. Similarly, moderate narrow sense heritability estimates for kernel rows ear-1 (48.4%) and  kernels row-1 (43.7%) were reported by Zare et al. (2011).  Conclusions In conclusion, in this study the prevalence of greater  magnitude of non additive genetic component of variance than additive component suggesting that heterosis breeding would be beneficial to utilize the dominance gene effects of these traits. The low narrow sense heritability of few traits viz., ear length, ear girth and gain yield plant-1  suggested that selection for these traits may not be effec-tive and reliable. However, owing to the high heritabilities of traits viz., kernel rows ear-1, 100 grain weight and  kernels row-1 selection may be more reliable. Open Access: This is open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduc-tion in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Z.A. Dar et al. /Arch. Agr. Environ. Sci., 2 (2): 68-71 (2017) REFERENCES Brink, M. and Belay, G. (2006). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and pulses. PROTA Foundation,  Wageningen, Netherlands/Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherland/CTA, Wageningen, Netherland. pp: 233. Dawod, K.M., Al-Falahy, M.A.H. and Mohammad A.S.A. (2012). Genetic variations and gene effect controlling grain yield and some of its components in maize. Journal of  Agricultural Science and Technology, 2: 814-823.  Dar, Z.A., Lone, A.A., Wani, S.H., Alaie, B., Abidi, I., Ali, G., Habib, M., Mohammad, I.A. and Wani, M.A. (2017).  Analysis of combining ability in maize (Zea mays L.) under temperate conditions. 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Gene action studies in early maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines

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Gene action studies in early maturing maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines

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