Portraying of socio-historical events in cartoons of Vjesnik in 1986. and in 1992.

Abstract

Karikatura (tal. caricare – natovariti, pretjerati) je, u užem smislu, crtež ili opis koji, pretjerujući u prikazivanju prirodnih obilježja (preuveličavanje, umanjivanje i iskrivljavanje), pojavu subjekta čini smiješnom ili apsurdnom radi zabave ili kritike, te daje duhoviti (ironički, satirički, metaforički) komentar određene situacije. Smatra se granom umjetnosti i publicistike te se, zbog izražene vizualnosti, percipira kao ikonografski fenomen za konstruiranje političkih zbivanja i medijski konstruirane stvarnosti. Budući da postoji mali broj istraživanja karikature kao vizualnoga sredstva masovne komunikacije ili o njezinoj ulozi na političke promjene u društvu, često je zanemaren historiografski, ali i sociološko-komunikološki izvor važnih političkih zbivanja. Prijelomni događaji u suvremenoj hrvatskoj povijesti su raspad Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije te Domovinski rat. U ovome će se diplomskom radu , stoga, kvantitativnom istraživačkom metodom analize sadržaja karikatura objavljenih u Vjesniku, prema istraživačkoj matrici, analizirati, a potom i identificirati prevladavajuće političke teme i promjene koje su vizualno portretirane kroz karikature. Vjesnik je odabran jer je prema svom izdavačkom programu bio namijenjen čitateljima u Hrvatskoj, političkom vrhu Jugoslavije i diplomaciji. Istraživačka metoda odabrana je kao najpogodnija jer će dati izravan uvid u odgovore na postavljene hipoteze koje zahtijevaju iskustvenu provjerljivost i pružaju mogućnost potvrđivanja ili odbacivanja. Uzorak istraživanja čine karikature objavljene u Vjesniku 1986., jer je tada izdan Memorandum SANU, te karikature objavljenje 1992., s obzirom na međunarodno priznanje Republike Hrvatske te kasniju promjenu imena samih novina. Cilj istraživanja je definirati načine vizualne prezentacije službene politike u širim društvenim slojevima te definirati načine na koje je karikatura kao likovni medij, ali i snažno sredstvo masovne komunikacije, u navedenome razdoblju bila jedno od mogućih sredstava vizualne propagande. U radu će, teorijskim pregledom znanstvene i stručne literature, pokušati utvrditi i povezanost karikature sa stvaranjem ili odražavanjem određenih (političkih) mitova i stereotipa.The cartoon also referred to as caricature (Italian: caricare – to burden or exaggerate) is, in a narrower sense, a drawing or description which, exaggerating in depicting natural features (exaggerating, diminishing and distorting), makes the appearance of the subject ridiculous or absurd for fun or criticism, and gives a witty (ironic, satirical, metaphorical) commentary on a particular situation. It is considered a branch of art and journalism and, due to its pronounced visually, is perceived as an iconographic phenomenon for the construction of political events and media-constructed reality. Since there is little research on caricature as a visual means of mass communication or its role in political changes in society, the historiographical, as well as a socio-communicative source of important political events, is often neglected. The turning points in contemporary Croatian history are the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Croatian War of Independence (i.e. the Homeland War). In this thesis, therefore, the content of caricatures published in Vjesnik, according to the research matrix, will be analysed by quantitative research method, and the prevailing political themes and changes that are visually portrayed through caricature will be analysed and then identified. Vjesnik was chosen because, according to its publishing program, it was intended for readers in Croatia, the political leadership of Yugoslavia, and diplomacy. The research method was chosen as the most suitable because it will give direct answers to the set hypotheses that require experiential verifiability and provide the possibility of confirmation or rejection. The research sample consists of caricatures published in Vjesnik in 1986, because the SANU Memorandum was issued then, and caricatures published in 1992, concerning the international recognition of the Republic of Croatia and the subsequent change of the name of the newspaper itself. The research aims to define the ways of visual presentations of official policies in wider social strata and to define how caricature as an art medium, but also a powerful means of mass communication, was one of the possible means of visual propaganda. The paper will, through a theoretical review of scientific and professional literature, try to identify and connect caricatures with the creation or reflection of certain (political) myths and stereotypes