The authors substantiated the relevance of scientific studies of the electrical properties of multicomponent liquids. Such liquids are real objects that require stock control during operation. This applies to many areas of human activity: environmental monitoring, the chemical and food industries, medicine, and the like. Laboratory methods are unable to meet the following requirements.
The electrical properties of substances, including liquids, have been well studied by scientists. In addition, the high level of modern experimental technology allows to combine theoretical and practical achievements, in this case chemical and physical-electrical sciences.
In the theoretical provisions regarding the electrical methods for the study of the composition of liquids, the authors, based on the classical knowledge of dielectric conductivity physics, argue for their use for applied chemical measurements. After all, physico-chemical electrical measurements have long been used for the study of two-component standard solutions. The authors propose to improve such measurements and use them for multicomponent liquids. At the same time, it is proposed to use the developed primary converters and a new informative parameter - complex conductivity components (admittance).
On the basis of the obtained experimental results, the research conditions are formulated. The measuring system consists of a primary capacitive transducer (carbon electrodes in vessels with the test liquid); multi-frequency current generator (RLC meter) and computer.
The dependences of the values of the complex components of conductivity on the frequency of the electromagnetic field between the electrodes for liquids with dissolved substances of different chemical nature and concentrations were investigated. Some individual properties have been established for such substances, which allow to develop methods and methods of operational control of the composition of multicomponent liquids by electrical parameters.
The article discusses the scientific and practical results of research and the advantages of the developed methods and methods of composition control for real liquids. Also, some of the scientific facts obtained allow to further develop and develop methods of electro-chemical research with a wider range of constituents, for low concentrations and without complex laboratory manipulations

Mikhalieva, Maryna

Parashchuk, Lidiya

English

The authors substantiated the relevance of scientific studies of the electrical properties of multicomponent liquids. Such liquids are real objects that require stock control during operation. This applies to many areas of human activity: environmental monitoring, the chemical and food industries, medicine, and the like. Laboratory methods are unable to meet the following requirements.

The electrical properties of substances, including liquids, have been well studied by scientists. In addition, the high level of modern experimental technology allows to combine theoretical and practical achievements, in this case chemical and physical-electrical sciences.

In the theoretical provisions regarding the electrical methods for the study of the composition of liquids, the authors, based on the classical knowledge of dielectric conductivity physics, argue for their use for applied chemical measurements. After all, physico-chemical electrical measurements have long been used for the study of two-component standard solutions. The authors propose to improve such measurements and use them for multicomponent liquids. At the same time, it is proposed to use the developed primary converters and a new informative parameter - complex conductivity components (admittance).

On the basis of the obtained experimental results, the research conditions are formulated. The measuring system consists of a primary capacitive transducer (carbon electrodes in vessels with the test liquid); multi-frequency current generator (RLC meter) and computer.

The dependences of the values of the complex components of conductivity on the frequency of the electromagnetic field between the electrodes for liquids with dissolved substances of different chemical nature and concentrations were investigated. Some individual properties have been established for such substances, which allow to develop methods and methods of operational control of the composition of multicomponent liquids by electrical parameters.

The article discusses the scientific and practical results of research and the advantages of the developed methods and methods of composition control for real liquids. Also, some of the scientific facts obtained allow to further develop and develop methods of electro-chemical research with a wider range of constituents, for low concentrations and without complex laboratory manipulations

Lidiya Parashchuk

Maryna Mikhalieva

ZENODO

CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS BY ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS TO CONTROL THE COMPOSITION OF MULTICOMPONENT LIQUIDS

NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Conference Technology Transfer: fundamental and innovative technical solutions

67CHEMICAL ENGINEERING1. Introduction Scientific researches with the purpose of improvement of operative methods of control of the composition of dissolved substances in liquids during the course of technological process-es, environmental monitoring, are timely and relevant.The standard conductomet-ric method is intended for rap-id studies in binary solutions of concentrations of substances that affect the conductivity of a liq-uid. This method does not allow to determine the concentration of a single controlled substance in a multicomponent fluid by the measured value of the specific conductivity, with one standard frequency of the electromagnetic field defined for all liquids. The study of the electrical properties of aqueous solutions as liquid dielectrics and the analysis of the components of complex electri-cal parameters at different fre-quencies of the electromagnetic signal deepen the theory in the study of the dependences of the electrical properties of liquids on their composition. The attention to such research is enhanced by the improvement of experimen-tal techniques.The aim of research is devel-opment of a new approach to the method of dielectric and con-ductometric measurements to determine the concentrations of constituents of multicomponent liquids by electrical parameters.The object of research is the electrical properties of liquids of different chemical nature of constituents. The subject of re-search is fluid, concentration of dissolved substances in water and electrical methods of their control.Before performing the exper-imental studies, the main fea-tures, trends and prospects of the development of modern electri-cal methods for controlling the composition of liquids were an-alyzed to establish the measure-ment conditions.2. MethodsTo describe the research con-ditions, let’s consider the theo-retical propositions regarding the electrical methods for study-ing the composition of liquids. The electrical properties of any material are determined by the presence of charges and the pos-sibility of their movement. For all media except vacuum, the carrier velocity is proportional to the electromagnetic field strength.Carrier mobility is character-ized by the coefficient of charge carrier velocity and field strength. The types of charge carriers and their mobility may be different in different environments. The mobility of the media is also sig-nificantly dependent on the en-vironment.The essence of the proposed research method is the depen-dence of the liquid composition on its dielectric constant. The current representation of the conductivity of dielectric fluids is as follows.Virtually all material proper-ties are temperature dependent. As a rule, this effect is taken into account by the introduction of a temperature coefficient, which is not technically difficult to imple-ment. On the one hand, liquids can be considered as dielectric substances in which the accumu-lation, storage and propagation of electrical energy are possible. On the other hand, fluid can be considered a resistive substance in which some of the electrical energy is converted into ther-mal energy. There is no absolute difference between the dielectric and resistive state of a substance, because depending on the con-ditions, the same substance may be a dielectric and a resistor. The basic condition that explains the physical essence of a substance’s behavior on resistive and dielec-tric is based on the concept of Maxwell’s time of dielectric re-laxation. The representation of a real capacitor in the form of a coupling of a capacitor and a support is a substitution scheme. A simple dielectric replacement scheme consists of a parallel cou-pling of capacitance and resis-tance. Dielectric AC losses are conductivity and polarization losses. In the case of AC, the loss-es are due to polarization.Under the influence of alter-nating voltage, the dipoles begin to rotate and orient themselves along the action of the electric field until about the end of the first half-life of the voltage. In the next half-period, they are CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS BY ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS TO CONTROL  THE COMPOSITION OF MULTICOMPONENT LIQUIDSLidiya ParashchukPhD1lidadmy@ukr.netMaryna MikhalievaPhD1galmih@ukr.net1Department of Electromechanics and ElectronicsHetman Petro Sahaidachnyi National Army Academy32 Heroes of Maidan str., Lviv, Ukraine, 79026Abstract: The authors substantiated the relevance of scien-tific studies of the electrical properties of multicomponent liquids. Such liquids are real objects that require stock con-trol during operation. This applies to many areas of human activity: environmental monitoring, the chemical and food industries, medicine, and the like. Laboratory methods are unable to meet the following requirements.The electrical properties of substances, including liquids, have been well studied by scientists. In addition, the high level of modern experimental technology allows to combine theoretical and practical achievements, in this case chemical and physical-electrical sciences.In the theoretical provisions regarding the electrical methods for the study of the composition of liquids, the authors, based on the classical knowledge of dielectric conductivity physics, argue for their use for applied chemical measurements. After all, physico-chemical electrical measurements have long been used for the study of two-component standard solutions. The authors propose to improve such measurements and use them for multicomponent liquids. At the same time, it is proposed to use the developed primary converters and a new informative parameter – complex conductivity components (admittance).On the basis of the obtained experimental results, the research conditions are formulated. The measuring system consists of a primary capacitive transducer (carbon electrodes in vessels with the test liquid); multi-frequency current generator (RLC meter) and computer.The dependences of the values of the complex components of conductivity on the frequency of the electromagnetic field between the electrodes for liquids with dissolved substances of different chemical nature and concentrations were investi-gated. Some individual properties have been established for such substances, which allow to develop methods and meth-ods of operational control of the composition of multicom-ponent liquids by electrical parameters.The article discusses the scientific and practical results of research and the advantages of the developed methods and methods of composition control for real liquids. Also, some of the scientific facts obtained allow to further develop and develop methods of electro-chemical research with a wider range of constituents, for low concentrations and without complex laboratory manipulations. Keywords: concentration, solutions, properties, dielectric, polar-ization, conductivity, liquid, spectroscopy, transducer, control.TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN MEDICINETECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND INNOVATIVE TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS, 201968deployed in a new direction until about its completion. This phenomenon is reminiscent of resonance.It should be noted that the dielectric loss in any material depends on the temperature, frequency, field strength, nature of the material. Therefore, the frequency dependence of losses is a characteristic of the material and is determined for each substance (solvent) not only by its properties but also by the presence of impurities.As a rule, losses are maximal at one or more frequencies, depending on the type of molecule. Highs are due to the rotation of polar molecules in a liquid dielectric. Such a study of the fre-quency behavior of losses is known as “dielectric spectroscopy”, which studies the structure of substances. The dielectric prop-erties depend on the polarization mechanism to which a certain frequency and time of the process belong. Electron polarization occurs in a neutral atom when the electron cloud shifts relative to its nucleus. Atomic polarization occurs when an electron cloud is deformed by the action of a field. Relaxation effects arising from the rotation or vibration of particles (atoms, ions or electrons) are observed in the vicinity of their characteristic absorption frequencies.Therefore, the fundamental characteristic of dielectrics is the dielectric constant based on the processes of electric polar-ization.According to Debye’s theory, the relaxation time of particles depends on their size, solvation processes and other local factors. Hence, considering complex systems such as multicomponent liquids, where solvent molecules, solution, their self-associates and solvation complexes are present, the region of anomalous dispersion corresponds not to one value of relaxation time, but to a set of such values. Each of these values corresponds to the independent relaxation of particles of different types.Carrying out rapid chemical analysis of the composition of liquids in production is a difficult task. At the time, a basis for advanced metrological provision of such control is a technique that would satisfy the following requirements: low cost of equip-ment and methodological support; minimal cost of analysis.The essence of the imitative method is to supply a small-am-plitude sinusoidal signal to the test system and to study the signal it is called – the output responseThe capabilities of the method are determined by the com-bination of the following advantages: the impedance (or admit-tance) measured in a sufficiently wide frequency domain has all the information that can be obtained using different constant current methods; Experimental performance (the amount of information obtained compared to the cost of the experiment) is high [1–3].In this work, the RLC-meter was used to scientifically search for the dependence of the electrical parameters of aque-ous solutions on the chemical nature and the concentration of the constituents. Using the information obtained from studies at large frequency ranges, it is proposed to improve the metro-logical characteristics of the express conductometric process of determining and controlling the composition of multicompo-nent liquid mixtures, such as selectivity and sensitivity. Since the composition of substances in industrial fluids, liquid wastes and sewage of this production is known, it is always possible for experimental studies to create model mixtures that correspond to real objects.3. ResultsThe main scientific result of the research was the ability to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of liq-uids by the complex parameters of electrical conductivity. This allowed to do thanks to the scientific facts obtained on the basis of the analysis of the dependence of the admittance values on the frequency of the test signal from 50 to 10 KHz.The main scientific facts obtained and their possible prac-tical application:1. In the study of liquids with a controlled substance that increases the specific conductivity of the fluid (electrolyte), the existence of a single frequency at which the reactive component of conductivity for the corresponding range of concentrations of the controlled substance in the mixture takes a certain single value, which allows to selectively detect such a substance in a liquid constituents with further determination or control of its concentration.2. A method is proposed, which allows to control the maxi-mum permissible concentrations of the component at the deter-mined experimentally determined frequency when measuring the value of the reactive conductivity component (positive, zero, negative).3. A method of operative control of a substance that reduces the specific electrical conductivity of a fluid (non-electrolyte) is proposed, which allows to detect and determine its concen-tration in a multicomponent fluid of variable concentrations of components by a measured value of the active and reactive conductivity components at one frequency.4. It is established that the modified electrode of carbon electrodes achieves the amplification of the electrical signal in the presence of copper salts in the liquid, which allows the mea-sured value of the reactive component of conductivity, at a cer-tain frequency, to quickly and selectively control the presence and small concentrations (from thousandths of g/l) of vitriol in a multicomponent fluid of unknown composition [4–10].Table 1 illustrates the measurement results, which confirm the points 1 and 2 above.The influence of external factors on the electrical param-eters of liquids – temperature and ultrasonic radiation is also investigated, to further take into account their influence on the values of informative measurement parameters.Table 1Dependence of the reactive component of the electrical conductivity of the CuSO4 solution from the frequency with increasing concentrations in the range from 2.5 g/l to 5.0 g/lConcentra-tion, g/lFrequency, kHz5 10 20 40 502.534 0.01580 0.00780 0.00006 –0.00790 –0.015912.980 0.01997 0.00897 0.00005 –0.00890 –0.019993.112 0.02144 0.00944 0.00005 –0.00948 –0.021673.690 0.02335 0.01135 0.00004 –0.01131 –0.022974.231 0.02868 0.01468 0.00003 –0.01469 –0.027934.987 0.03772 0.01772 0.00001 –0.01768 –0.035625.068 0.04106 0.02106 0.00001 –0.02100 –0.04100Methods of operative chemical control of the concentration of controlled substances are developed in two main stages: study of the control model – liquids with the maximum permissible concentration of the controlled substance, which are performed under laboratory conditions; and the actual process for con-trolling the object itself.Conclusions on exceeding the maximum permissible con-centration of a controlled substance are based on determining 69CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGthe sign of the measured values of the reactive conductivity component.Methods of operative control of concentration of controlled substances in multicomponent liquids are developed, which consist of two main stages: study of control model – liquids with maximum permissible concentration of controlled substance, which are performed in laboratory conditions; the actual pro-cess of control for a real object.4. Discussion and conclusionsThe proposed electrical method for investigating the com-position of liquids has several advantages over existing ones, in particular:– the lowest concentration of a substance that can be deter-mined by the developed methods – 0.01–0.001 mg/l;– measurements are made in real time (without sampling and concentration);– the accuracy of the analysis is (1.0–10.0) % and sufficient for the needs of industry;– an important advantage of the method is the small mea-surement time, which does not exceed a few seconds;– the simplicity of the design of the primary transducer enables rapid mass analysis for a wide range of controlled sub-stances.The developed methods allow to automate the express control of the chemical composition of liquids and can be developed and used in real production conditions and in combination with the current production and environmental standards of a particular enterprise; will contribute to the saving of material resources and will ensure minimal impact of liquid waste on the environment.References1. Hryhorchak, I. I., Ponedilok, H. V. (2011). Impedansna spektroskopiya. Lviv: Vydavnytstvo Lvivskoi politekhniky, 352. 2. Gonella, L. (2014). Problems in theory of measurement today. ACTA IMEKO, 3 (1), 19. doi: https://doi.org/10.21014/ac-ta_imeko.v3i1.192 3. Barsoukov, E., Macdonald, J. R. (Eds.) (2005). Impedance Spectroscopy. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471716243 4. Stolyarchuk, P., Mikhalieva, M., Bubela, T., Basalkevych, O. (2011). Measurement of spirit solution imitance. Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1109/idaacs.2011.6072735 5. Mikhalieva, M., Mykyychuk, M., Hots, N., Dzikovska, Y. (2016). Use of electric and acoustic technologies for automated con-trol of liquid. 2016 XIth International Scientific and Technical Conference Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT). doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/stc-csit.2016.7589876 6. Mikhalieva, M., Mykyichuk, M., Bubela, T., Boyko, T., Malyk, O. (2013). Qualitative and quantitative research on pesticide chemical admixture in liquids. 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Com-puting Systems (IDAACS). doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2013.6662644 7. Stolyarchuk, P., Yatsuk, V., Pokhodylo, Y., Mikhalieva, M., Boyko, T., Basalkevych, O. (2009). Electric express-method for liquid quality level monitoring. 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2009.5343018 8. Stoliarchuk, P., Yatsuk, V., Mikhalieva, M., Barylo, G. (2005). Intelligent Data Acquisition System Error Correction in Working External Conditions. 2005 IEEE Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applica-tions. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2005.282939 9. Stolyarchuk, P., Yatsuk, Y., Mikhalieva, M., Druziuk, V. (2007). Intelligent System of Temperature Field Ecological Monitoring. 2007 4th IEEE Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2007.4488376 10. Stolarczuk, P., Yatsuk, V., Majewsk, J., Małaczywski, P., Michalewa, M. (2010). Usage of capacitive sensors for fast checking of parameters of multicomponent solutions. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 86 (10), 92–95.© The Author(s) 2019This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0).Received date 10.10.2019Accepted date 10.11.2019Published date 23.11.2019

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CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS BY ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS TO CONTROL THE COMPOSITION OF MULTICOMPONENT LIQUIDS

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NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Conference Technology Transfer: fundamental and innovative technical solutions