To what extent are Islamic associations vehicles for recruitment for Islamist movements? Whom do they recruit? How does recruitment occur? Does the mere provision of health care suffice as a basis for recruitment? Can we assume that all those who work and volunteer in Islamic associations are Islamists with a political agenda? These represent some of the questions that motivated research in Jordan in 1998 to examine the political significance of the Islamic Centre Charity Society (ICCS) as part of a larger comparative study of Islamic associations in Jordan, Yemen, and Egypt

Clark, J.A.

Leiden University Scholary Publications

Islam, Society & the StateThe Islamic Hospital in Amman is thejewel in the Islamic Centre Charity So-ciety’s crown. It is an important symbolof the viability of the Islamist model forthe Muslim Brotherhood that estab-lished it. In keeping with its stated phil-anthropic aims, the prices listed at thehospital are significantly lower than atother hospitals. The cost of a naturalchildbirth delivery is only 15 JordanianDinars (JD) compared to 18 JD at the al-Bashir Hospital, a public hospital forthe poor, and over 200 JD at the FarahHospital, considered the finest privatehospital in Jordan. Furthermore, thehospital’s Fund for the Sick and Poor provides subsidies for medicaltreatments; in 2002 alone it distributed a remarkable 4.5 million JD.1These statistics appear to support the widely held image of Islamiccharitable and social welfare associations as targeting the poor withthe aim of recruiting them. The authenticity of this image of philan-thropy combined with recruitment of the poor has largely gone un-questioned. Due to their operational and instrumental dictates, Islamic associa-tions are largely run by and for the middle class and not the poor. Is-lamic associations’ services are driven by the associations' needs fordonations and professionals, the demands of the professional middleclass for employment, good schools and hospitals, and the response ofthe Brotherhood to its predominantly middle-class constituency. As aresult, they forge strong middle-class networks. Rather than the re-cruitment of the poor, the activities of such associations directly andindirectly contribute to the expansion and strengthening of middle-class ties of solidarity that reinforce an Islamist worldview and bind Is-lamists, non-Islamists, and the institutions of the Islamist movement.Islamic associations and the middle-classesThe ICCS, and particularly the Islamic Hospital, is a case in point. TheBrotherhood in Jordan is largely a professional middle-class phenome-non.2 This is reflected in the ICCS’ services. Of the ICCS’ forty kinder-gartens and schools, one college, two hospitals, thirty-two medicalclinics, six training centres, and thirty-three centres for orphans andpoor families, its largest facilities –the kindergartens, schools, college,and hospitals—are all not-for-profit enterprises that are commercial-like in that they target a paying middle-class clientele and not the poor. A second look at the Islamic Hospital’s prices reveals its middle-classbias. While the base cost of a delivery is 15 JD, the hospital charges sep-arately for each additional service and tacks on the costs to the originalbase fee. The result is that the delivery of one child with no complica-tions, and with one overnight stay in a third-class room actually costs190 JD. Patients without medical insurance are charged an extra 20%of the costs. The hospital’s Fund for the Sick and Poor subsidizes up to20% of the costs for poor patients thereby reducing the cost of a deliv-ery to 152 JD. Jordan’s poor, however, spend 15.88 JD or less per yearon medical expenses.3 The hospital is simply beyond their means. Andthe same can be said for the ICCS’ private kindergartens, schools andcollege.The ICCS not only targets a middle-class constituency as its clientele,but for employment purposes as well. The Islamic Hospital alone hasapproximately 12,000 employees, seventy-seven resident doctors,twenty-one interns, and 445 nurses.4 The ICCS employs thousands ofpeople—mainly professionals who are attracted by handsome pay, fullbenefits, and excellent equipment. Furthermore, hiring for the ICCS’private enterprises is prioritized over hiring for those facilities meantfor the poor. While approximately 200doctors (including residents and in-terns, but not part-time doctors) caterto the needs of the hospital’s middle-class clientele, only thirty-two doctorsin total tend to the poor in the ICCS’medical clinics. Three of these clinics,moreover, are located in the ICCS’ pri-vate schools.It is not surprising that ICCS centresare predominantly situated in the mid-dle-class neighbourhoods of Ammanand Zarqa. Here the ICCS finds middle-class clients, employees, and alsodonors. The very fabric of the ICCS ismade up of the ongoing development and maintenance of middle-class social networks—interpersonal ties that are constantly being cre-ated and/or solidified in order to secure the donations and staff the as-sociation requires. ICCS directors make individual appeals for dona-tions of money, services or items to neighbours, friends, colleagues,and merchants. In this manner, overlapping networks between thehome, mosque, workplace, and other associations make the ICCS pos-sible. These networks include individuals who may only donate onceper year, those looking for an extra income, those wanting to fulfil apersonal Muslim obligation, and more committed Islamists.My research found that donating to, volunteering, and working in Is-lamic associations gradually creates middle-class networks of team-work, trust, and solidarity. These are reinforced by the benefits themiddle-class receives—jobs, educational and health services, a senseof purpose, and friendships. Furthermore, by bringing different socialnetworks together in the provision of charity, Islamic associations cre-ate new social networks and introduce Islamist networks and world-views to non-Islamists. Do Islamic associations recruit the middle-class? The provision ofhealth care does not directly lead to recruitment. Rather the creationand strengthening of intricate social networks indirectly binds theirmiddle-class members ever closer to Islamist movements. The ques-tion to be asked is whether this focus on the middle class has alienatedothers. J A N I N E  A .  C L A R KI S I M N E W S L E T T E R  1 4 /  J U N E 2 0 0 4 5 1To what extent are Islamic associationsvehicles for recruitment for Islamistmovements? Whom do they recruit? How doesrecruitment occur? Does the mere provision ofhealth care suffice as a basis for recruitment?Can we assume that all those who work andvolunteer in Islamic associations are Islamistswith a political agenda? These represent someof the questions that motivated research inJordan in 1998 to examine the politicalsignificance of the Islamic Centre CharitySociety (ICCS) as part of a larger comparativestudy of Islamic associations in Jordan,Yemen, and Egypt. Islamic Associationsand the Middle ClassJanine A. Clark is Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University ofGuelph in Ontario, Canada. She is the author of Islam, Charity and Activism: Middle-Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan and Yemen (Bloomington, USA:Indiana University Press, 2004).E-mail: janine.clark@sympatico.caNotes1. Interview with Ra’if Nijim, former Director of the Fund for the Sick and Poor,Amman, Jordan, August 10 2002.2. For example, of the 353 founders of the Islamic Action Front, the MuslimBrotherhood’s political party, 37.7% were professionals: 24 university professors;26 physicians; 22 engineers; 16 pharmacists; 25 lawyers; 17 managers; 3 journalists.This excludes business people and salaried employees. See Ahmad Jamil Azm,“The Islamic Action Front Party,” in Islamic Movements in Jordan, ed. Hani Hourani(Amman: Al-Urdun Al-Jadid Research Centre, 1997), 101-103.3. World Bank, Population and Human Resources Operations Division, CountryDepartment II, Middle East and North Africa Region, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan:Poverty Assessment, vol. 1, Main Report, Report no. 12675-JO (Washington, D.C.:World Bank, 1994), 12, 167.4. E-mail communication from the medical director, Islamic Hospital, July 18, 2001.ISIM-Newsletter-14-WEB-DEF  29-06-2004  11:07  Pagina 51

Islamic Associations and the Middle Class

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