Physical activity (PhA) in adolescence and its influence on the arterial blood pressure (ABP) is investigated in 964 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years. Screening of ABP is carried out and interview with the students for determining the PhA in their free time, the frequency of the physical activities and the time for active physical exercises. The results show that every second girl and third boy is not going for sport in its free time and the level of PhA in adolescents with elevated ABP is significantly lower. It is found that the level of PhA in girls with normal or elevated ABP is 2 times lower compared to that of boys. Models of PhA with high cardioprotective effect are created for the adolescent age

Geneva, E.

Manolova, A.

Yustinianova, B.

English

Varna Medical University Press: Journals

Scripta Scientifica Medica, vol. 34 (2002), pp 63-65 Copyright © Medical University, Varna E L E V A T E D A R T E R I A L B L O O D P R E S S U R E AND P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y IN A D O L E S C E N C E B. Yustinianova, A. Manolova1, E . Geneva 2 Department of Hygiene and Disaster Medicine, Prof. Paraskev Stoyanov Medical University of Varna, 1 National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, and 'Hygienic and Epidemiological Inspection, Varna A B S T R A C T Physical activity (PhA) in adolescence and its influence on the arterial blood pressure (ABP) is investigated in 964 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years. Screening of ABP is carried out and interview with the students for deter-mining the PhA in their free time, the frequency of the physical activities and the time for active physical exer-cises. The results show that every second girl and third boy is not going for sport in its free time and the level of PhA in adolescents with elevated ABP is significantly lower. It is found that the level of PhA in girls with nor-mal or elevated ABP is 2 times lower compared to that of boys. Models of PhA with high cardioprotective ef-fect are created for the adolescent age. Keywords: arterial blood pressure, physical activity, sports, adolescence I N T R O D U C T I O N The role of physical activity (PhA) in the regulation of arte-rial blood pressure (ABP) is not enough clarified. In adults the increased aerobic activity leads to decreasing of A B P (2,4). Some authors find statistically significant correlation between hypokinesia, obesity and elevated A B P (EABP) in adolescence (when is not subsequent to obesity). According to data of Salis in adolescence the boys are 15% to 25% more active than girls with tendency of age-related decrease in physical activity with 2,7% in boys and 7,4% in girls for a year ( I I ) . The study carried out in the outset of SINDY program shows that 35,2% of Bulgarian adolescent boys and 53,7% of the girls do not go or go occasionally for physical exercises (1). The aim of this study is to investigate the physical activity in adolescence and its influence on ABP. M A T E R I A L AND M E T H O D S The A B P is investigated in 964 students (423 boys and 541 girls) aged 15 to 17 years from randomly chosen schools in Sofia and Varna. A B P is measured with standard methods (3). The mean value of three measurements is analyzed and on its basis the students are divided in 2 groups: group one - with normal systolic and diastolic A B P (SABP. DABP) - with values of A B P in the referent Address for correspondence: B. Yustinianova, Dept. of Hygiene and Disaster Medicine, Prof. P. Stoyanov Medical University of Varna, 55 Marin DrinovSt, BG-9002 Varna, BULGARIA I range, i.e. under 90 t h percentile for age and gender; group two - with elevated SABP and DABP - with values of A B P higher than the referent range, i.e. above 90 t h per-centile for age and gender. Students are interviewed by questionnaire for determina-tion of the physical activity in out school time, the fre-quency of physical exercises and the time spared for active physical exercises (till getting out of breath and sweating). Processing of data is performed by SPSS PC+. In statistical analysis the level of significance was determined for p value of less than 0.05. R E S U L T S AND D I S C U S S I O N The results of the study of the physical activity of students with different levels of A B P are shown on Table 1. Data from the inquiry study show that 71,2% of the boys with elevated SABP and 53,8% with elevated DABP do not go for sport. In the group with normal A B P the relative part of the no sporting boys is 2, 5 to 4 times smaller (p<0,001). The girls compared to boys represent lower physical activity. More than 80% of the girls with elevated SABP and DABP do not go for sport. The frequency of physical exercises of students with differ-ent levels of A B P is shown on Table 2. The frequency of physical exercises in boys and girls with elevated SABP and DABP is significantly lower than that of the students with normal A B P (p <0,001; p <0,01). The level of physical activity (evaluated on the number of week hours for active physical exercises) is significantly lower (p <0,01) in the group of the no sporting boys and girls with elevated SABP and DABP. It is found that the 63 В. Yustinianova, A. Manolova. Е. Geneva Table 1. РИА of students with different ABP level (in %) Physical activity Boys Girls SABP DABP SABP DABP _ Nomial _ High Go for sport actively 22,2 10,4 Go for sport as leisure 61,3 ULA_ ^Normal 21,7 _.562 High 12,8 _33<L .JNormaL _Hish _Normal_ 5.3 54Я 182 Do not £ 0 for sport at all 16J 712 7.1,8 2 9 X -8L 5.3 -532-High-2.3 14,6 35.4 J52J i < 0.001 <0.0I < 0,001 < 0,001 level of physical activity in girls in both investigated groups is about 2 times lower compared to that of boys (Fig. 1). The analysis of data shows that boys and girls with E A B P are with significantly lower physical activity. The students with E A B P who do not go for sport (actively or as leisure) Pattenberger et al. recommend daily based physical activi-ties with moderate intensiveness combined with balanced low caloric diet for adolescents with A B P above 75 t h per-centile and increased body mass (12). According to some authors (6,7,15) the PhA by influencing the A B P in adoles-Table 2. Frequency of sports exercises in students with different ABP level (in %) Physical activity SABP Boys DABP SABP Girls 1 DABP Every day Nomial 17,4 High 2,6 ! Nomial I 17,5 High 2,6 Normal 8,7 High Nomial High 9,0 4-6 times weekly 20,0 J 5,3 21.1 10,3 11,2 - 12.2 2-3 times weekly 36,5 7,8 33,3 12,8 26,7 3.8 29,1 2,3 Once weekly 9,7 . . . L 5,3 6,3 20,5 13,6 15.4 14,3 14,0 Do not go for sport at all 16,5 71,1 ~ t 21,8 53,8 39,8 81,8 35,4 83,7 P <• 0.001 <0,01 <0,01 <0,0I ire 2,5 times more than those with normal A B P (more ex-iressed in girls). The tendency we have found confinns the tudies which prove that hypokinesia in girls increases the isk of arterial hypertension and obesity (5,14). The results i f the study show significant back correlation between ^BP and time spared for physical activity, which is found у other authors as well in studying adults and adolescents 5,8). The high level of physical activity leading to good hysical condition (fitness) probably through mechanisms Г increased minute volume and coronary flow and de-eased peripheral vessel resistance have direct hypotensive feet. Hypokinesia is an independent predictor of E A B P in >ys and EDBP in girls. Boys and girls, normotonics, with w level of physical activity and low fitness respectively re 20 to 50% higher risk to develop arterial hypertension adults compared to adolescents with higher physical ac-ity (12). In girls hypokinesia more often influences indi-:tly SABP through increased body mass (13). ita of our study confirms the statement that low physical ivity increases the risk for elevated ABP in adolescence i arterial hypertension in adulthood. On this basis all in­vention programs having the aim to prevent arterial hy-tension include obligatory physical activities with differ-intensiveness (5). The various forms of physical activity 'e hypotensive effect and low loading on daily basis is ferred to intensive loading 2-3 time weekly (11). cence is important for prevention of the cardio-vascular risk. E 3 Normal ABP 0 High ABP Boys Girls 4 " 3 -<=3 2 " i • 4 4 • * шш • SABP DABP SABP Fig. 1. PhA level of students with normal and high ABP Elevated arterial blood pressure and physical activity in adolescence C O N C L U S I O N S Every second girl and third boy does not go for sport in its free time. The level of PhA in adolescents with E A B P is significantly lower. The frequency of physical exercises in boys and girls with elevated SABP and D A B P is significantly lower than that in adolescents with normal ABP. The level of PhA in girls with normal or elevated A B P is by 2 times lower than that in boys. PhA is a major factor in the primary and secondary prevention of E A B P in adolescence because at this age models of PliA with high cardioprotective effect are created. R E F E R E N C E S В а с и л е в с к и . H . , Т. Tроева . Двигателна активност на българското население.- В: Мозъчен инсулт и пътищата за профилактика в България. София, 1994, 50-52. М е р д ж а н о в , Ч. Едно компрометиращо първенство. София, Св. Кл. Охридски, 1995, 258-272. Наредба № 9/11.IV. 1996 г. за организиране и провеждане на профилактични прегледи и диспансерно наблюдение на деца от 0 до 18 години.- Служ. бюл. МЗ, 1996, № 9-10, с. 102. Торбова , С. Хипертонична болест. София, Медицина и физкултура, 1994, 365-366. A r o l l , В. . R. Beagchole. Does physical activity lower blood pressure: a critical review of clinical tri­als.- J. Clin. Epidemiol., 45, 1992, 439-447. Baron, R. M. , D. A . Kenny. The modera­tor-mediator variable distinction in social psychologi­cal research. Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.-J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 51, 1996, 1 173-1182. 7. Bouchard. С J . P. Despres. Physical activity and health: atherosclerotic, metabolic, and hyperten­sive diseases.- Res. Q. Exerc. Sports., 66. 1995, No 4, 268-275. 8. Dwyer, Т., L . E . Gibbons. Physical fitness re­lated to blood pressure but not lipoproteins.- Circula­tion, 82, 1994, No 4, 1539-1544. 9. Lucas , M. , B . Riechers, U . Michel . Bluldruckverhalten unter korperlichcr Belastung (Ergometrie) von 105 normotonen, grenzwertig hypertonen und hypotonen Kindern und Jugendlichen.- Offend. Gesundheitswes., 53, 1991, No 12. 776-783." 10. N e v i l l , A . M. , et al . Modelling the associations of BMI, physical activity and diet w ith arterial blood pressure: some results from the Allied Dunbar Na­tional Fitness Survey.- Ann. Hum. Biol., 24, 1997, No 3, 229-247. 11. Paffenberger, R. S., et a l . Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni.- Am. J. Epidemiol.. 117,1982,963-986. 12. Riddoch. C. J . , C . A. Borcham.The health-related physical activity of children.- Sports Med., 9, 1995. No 2, 86-102. 13. Sa l i s , J . F . Epidemiology of physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents.- Crit. Rev. Food Nutr., 33, 1993, No 4-5, 403-408. 14. Wolf, A . M. , et a I . Activity, inactivity and obe­sity: racial, ethnic and age differences among school­girls.- Am. J. Publ. Health, 83, 1993, No 11, 1625-1627. 15. Young, D. R. , et a l . Associations between changes in physical activity and risk factors for coro­nary heart disease in a community-based sample of men and women: the Stanford Five-City Project.- Am. J. Epidemiol., 138, 1993, No 4, 205-216. 

ELEVATED ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENCE

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ELEVATED ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENCE

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