We give an introductory review of Fourier-Mukai transforms and their
application to various aspects of moduli problems, string theory and mirror
symmetry. We develop the necessary mathematical background for Fourier-Mukai
transforms such as aspects of derived categories and integral functors as well
as their relative version which becomes important for making precise the notion
of fiberwise T-duality on elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds. We discuss various
applications of the Fourier-Mukai transform to D-branes on Calabi-Yau manifolds
as well as homological mirror symmetry and the construction of vector bundles
for heterotic string theory.Comment: 52 pages. To appear in Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fis. Nat. Ser. A
Mat. Minor changes, reference of conjecture in section 7.5 changed,
references update
