Cosme, Nuno Miguel Dias

Dong, Yan

Hauschild, Michael Zwicky

The marine eutrophication (MEu) and marine ecotoxicity (MEc) indicators in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) respectively express the eutrophying impact of nitrogen (N) and the toxic impact of metals emissions to the marine environment. Characterisation Factors (CF) are calculated to translate the emissions into impact potentials. For consistency in the characterisation modelling across impact categories, the same modelling framework was applied including Fate Factors of N or metals (FF), habitat Exposure Factor (XF) in MEu or Bioavailability Factor of metals (BF) in MEc, and Factors for the Effect on biota (EF). In both impact categories there is a need for spatial differentiation according to the receiving ecosystems, and the parameterisation of the characterisation models requires the adoption of suitable spatial units out of the global receiving coastal marine ecosystem. The Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) biogeographical classification system identifies 64 spatial units of coastal marine waters and it was adopted for both MEu and MEc. The applicability of 13 alternative zonation systems was compared before choosing the LME classification. The hydraulic residence time (RT) of the receiving LMEs expressing the system’s flushing through local hydrodynamics is required for the parameterisation of the FF term to estimate the loss of N or metals from the LME through advection. The RT was found in literature for 36% of the LMEs, whereas 4 archetypes were built for the remaining, for which no data was found (47%) or to settle high variability of found sources (17%). The 4 archetypes were defined by the exposure to currents and regional marine circulation, depth and profile of the continental shelf, and stratification. Archetype 1 (high dynamics and exposure) with estimated RT=3 months, Archetype 2 (medium dynamics and exposure) with RT=2 yr, Archetype 3 (low dynamics) with RT=25 yr, and Archetype 4 (very low dynamics, embayed, often stratified) with RT=90 yr. It is assumed that the system dynamics is determining the RT of both N and metals in the photic zone in each LME. The LME classification system was chosen for its data availability, modelling feasibility, and adequacy of size and number of spatial units considering the needs of LCIA. The application of the archetypical RTs was useful for the parameterisation of the fate models. The spatial differentiation of the resulting CFs was found essential to increase the discriminatory power of the models.<br/

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017Large Marine Ecosystems and coastal water archetypes implemented in LCIA methodsfor marine eutrophication and metals ecotoxicityCosme, Nuno Miguel Dias; Dong, Yan; Hauschild, Michael ZwickyPublication date:2014Link back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Cosme, N. M. D., Dong, Y., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2014). Large Marine Ecosystems and coastal water archetypesimplemented in LCIA methods for marine eutrophication and metals ecotoxicity. Poster session presented atSETAC Europe 24th Annual Meeting, Basel, Switzerland.Nuno Cosme (nmdc@dtu.dk), Yan Dong, Michael Z. HauschildQuantitative Sustainability AssessmentTU260Produktionstorvet 4262800 Kgs. Lyngby, DENMARKwww.qsa.man.dtu.dkLarge Marine Ecosystems and coastal waterarchetypes implemented in LCIA methods formarine eutrophication and metals ecotoxicitySummary• Modelling framework for marine eutrophication (MEu) and marine metals ecotoxicity (MEc).• Characterisation Factors (CFs) integrate Fate, Exposure or Bioavailability, and Effect Factors.• 64 Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) – spatial units of coastal areas for spatial differentiation.• Residence Time (RT) for nitrogen and metals is required for the parameterisation of fate models.• RT expresses the flushing of the system and the losses of nitrogen/metals by advection.• RT data was found in literature or obtained from 4 archetypes defined by hydrodynamics.Conclusions• The LME classification system was chosen for its data availability, modelling feasibility, and adequacy of size and number of spatial units.• Archetypical RT data was a useful solution for the parameterisation needs of the fate models.• The spatial differentiation of the resulting CFs was found essential to increase the discriminatory power of the models.BackgroundMethodology① LCIA indicators• The MEu indicator expresses the eutrophying impact of nitrogen (N).• MEc the toxic impact of metals emissions to the marine environment.Characterisation Factor for Marine Eutrophication:• Fate of N (FF), habitat Exposure Factor (XF), and Factor for the Effects on biota (EF).࡯ࡲ ௉஺ி∙௠య∙ௗ∙௞௚ேషభ ൌ ࡲࡲ ௗ ∗ ࢄࡲ ௞௚ைమ∙௄௚ேషభ ∗ ࡱࡲሾ௉஺ி∙௠య∙௞௚ைమషభሿCharacterisation Factor for Marine metals Ecotoxicity:• Fate of metals (FF), Bioavailability Factor of metals (BF), and Effect Factor on biota (EF)࡯ࡲ ௉஺ி∙௠య∙ௗ∙௞௚ெ௘௧௔௟షభ ൌ ࡲࡲ ௗ ∗ ࡮ࡲ ି ∗ ࡱࡲሾ௉஺ி∙௠య∙௞௚ெ௘௧௔௟షభሿSpatial units• Biogeographical classification system.• Large Marine Ecosystems (LME).• 64 spatial units of coastal marine waters.• Neritic zone from river basins and estuaries to the seaward boundaries of continental shelves.• Distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity and trophically dependent populations [3]. • Mixing processes , light and nutrients.Number and size of spatial units.Integrated approach: productivity and oceanography, fish and fisheries, pollution and ecosystem health, socioeconomics, and governance [4].Data availability for productivity, residence species, currents and circulation, and ease of adaptation to a climate zonation.The LME classification system was adopted for both MEu and MEc, out of a comparison of 13 alternative zonation systems.Marine Eutrophication (MEu)• Ecosystem response to excessive input of nitrogen (N) with increase of primary production in the photic zone of coastal waters [1].• Heterotrophic bacteria respire the accumulated organic matter consuming dissolved oxygen.• Excessive depletion of oxygen may lead to hypoxic stress of benthic organisms and loss of biodiversity.Marine metals Ecotoxicity (MEc)• Response of ecosystems to excessive level of metals in the integrated environment [2].• Organisms become exposed to excessive metals concentration in marine water.• Exposure may lead to uptake of metals and toxicity effect by e.g. decreasing or blocking the uptake of essential elements by binding with the transporters.Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)• Characterisation modelling of environmental mechanisms.• Characterisation Factors (CFs) are used in LCIA to convert emissions into impacts.Results③ Residence time and archetypes• The 4 archetypes are defined by the exposure to currents and regional marine circulation, depth and profile of the continental shelf, and water stratification: Archetype 1 (high dynamics and exposure): RT=3 months Archetype 2 (medium dynamics and exposure): RT=2 years Archetype 3 (low dynamics): RT=25 years Archetype 4 (very low dynamics, embayed, often stratified): RT=90 years• Assumption: System dynamics determines the RT of both N and metals in the water column.References:[1] Nixon SW (1995) Ophelia 41:199‐219 [3] Sherman K & Duda AM (1999) Fisheries 24(12):15‐26[2] Truhaut R (1977) Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1(2):151–173 [4] Spalding MD, Fox HE, Allen GR, et al. (2007) BioScience 57(7):573‐583• RT from literature (36% of LMEs).• 4 archetypes used for the remaining to:• Provide RT data (47%),• Settle differences in sources (17%).This research was partly financial supported by the EU Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme Environment through:• Project LC‐IMPACT: Development and application of environmental Life Cycle Impact assessment Methods for imProvedsustAinability Characterisation of Technologies (Grant agreement No.: 243827 – LC‐IMPACT) ‐ ENV.2009.3.3.2.1: Improved Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods (LCIA) for better sustainability assessment of technologies.• Project PROSUITE: PROspective SUstaInability Assessment of TEchnologies (Grant agreement No.: 227078 – PROSUITE) ‐ ENV. 2008.3.3.2.1: Improved Life Cycle Impact Assessment methods (LCIA) for better sustainability assessment of technologies.Presented at:Distribution of data sources for Residence Time (RT)Residence Time (RT) dataset and sources: Literature and archetypesThe Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) spatial units②Models parameterisation• Residence Time (RT) is applied in the Fate terms of both models:Fate modelling in Marine Eutrophication:ܨܨ௅ொ ൌ ௘݂௫௣ߣ௅ொ• The N‐losses (ࣅ) can be caused by denitrification, advection and sedimentation:ߣ௝ ൌ ߣௗ௘௡௜௧௥௜௙௜௖௔௧௜௢௡ ൅ ࣅࢇࢊ࢜ࢋࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔ ൅ ߣ௦௘ௗ௜௠௘௡௧௔௧௜௢௡• The N‐loss by advection is estimated with the residence time (࣎) on each LME:ࣅࢇࢊ࢜ࢋࢉ࢚࢏࢕࢔ ൌ ૚࣎ࡸࡹࡱFate modelling in Marine metals Ecotoxicity:• Multi‐media fate model embedded in USEtox®.• Models losses by advection with RT, plus metals removal by sedimentation and diffusion to sediment.௘݂௫௣ 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Large Marine Ecosystems and coastal water archetypes implemented in LCIA methods for marine eutrophication and metals ecotoxicity

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Large Marine Ecosystems and coastal water archetypes implemented in LCIA methods for marine eutrophication and metals ecotoxicity

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