Serpentine soil contains highly heavy metals, such as manganese, chromium, cobalt, and nickel,which could bean inappropriate growthmediaofmostplants. Someplants thatfound able to grow optimally on South Kalimantan serpentine soil have been known to do association with ectomycorrhizal fungi. This research aimed to obtain and characterize mushrooms assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi indigenous South Kalimantan serpentine soil. This study used field exploration of fungal fruiting bodies and identified the genus based on morphological characters of fruiting bodies such as shape, size, and ornamentation, which are unique for the genus identification, then compared the characteristics on mushroomexpert.com. The mushrooms were also confirmed of genera assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi based on mycorrhizas.info. Seven fruiting bodies were obtained and classified as Cantharellus (Ct), Chlorophyllum (Ch1 and Ch2), Lycoperdon (Ly), Ramaria (Rm1 and Rm2), and Thelephora (Tp). The results showed that all of those fruiting bodies belong to Basidiomycetes. There were 4 genera of Cantharellus, Lycoperdon, Ramaria, and Thelephora, assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi. But Chlorophyllum genus was never reported as ectomycorrhizal fungu

Badruzsaufari, Badruzsaufari

Hermawan, Rudy

Imaningsih, Witiyasti

English

Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia (JMI - Perhimpunan Mikologi Indonesia, Mikoina)

Dikirimkan 5 Juni 2020, Diterima 24 Juni 2020, Terbit online 30 Juni 2020Corresponding Author: Witiyasti Imaningsih, e-mail: witiyasti.imaningsih@gmail.comJMIJurnal Mikologi Indonesia Vol 4 No 1 (2020): 149−155Jurnal Mikologi IndonesiaAvailable online at: www.jmi.mikoina.or.idISSN: 2579-8766OnlineMushrooms Assumed as Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on SouthKalimantan Serpentine SoilHermawan R, Imaningsih W, BadruzsaufariBiology Study Program, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Lambung Mangkurat University,Banjarbaru, South KalimantanHermawan, R., Imaningsih, W., & Badruzsaufari. (2020). Mushrooms Assumed asEctomycorrhizal Fungi on South Kalimantan Serpentine Soil. Jurnal Mikologi Indonesia,4(1), 149–155. doi: 10.46638/jmi.v4i1.71AbstractSerpentine soil contains highly heavy metals, such as manganese, chromium, cobalt, andnickel, which could be an inappropriate growth media of most plants. Some plants that foundable to grow optimally on South Kalimantan serpentine soil have been known to doassociation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. This research aimed to obtain and characterizemushrooms assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi indigenous South Kalimantan serpentine soil.This study used field exploration of fungal fruiting bodies and identified the genus based onmorphological characters of fruiting bodies such as shape, size, and ornamentation, which areunique for the genus identification, then compared the characteristics onmushroomexpert.com. The mushrooms were also confirmed of genera assumed asectomycorrhizal fungi based on mycorrhizas.info. Seven fruiting bodies were obtained andclassified as Cantharellus (Ct), Chlorophyllum (Ch1 and Ch2), Lycoperdon (Ly), Ramaria(Rm1 and Rm2), and Thelephora (Tp). The results showed that all of those fruiting bodiesbelong to Basidiomycetes. There were 4 genera of Cantharellus, Lycoperdon, Ramaria, andThelephora, assumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi. But Chlorophyllum genus was never reportedas ectomycorrhizal fungus.Keywords – Basidiomycetes – indigenous – mushroomIntroductionSerpentine soil is derived from the weathering of ultramafic rock that contains a highconcentration of heavy metals such as Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, and Fe, but the low concentrationof essential elements, for examples, Ca, N, and P (Ross, 1994; Kayama et al., 2005). As aresult, in addition to its effects on metal toxicity, it causes plant nutrition such as calcium (Ca)to become very limited. South Kalimantan serpentine soil scatters along the ridge of MeratusMountain (Gorsel, 2013). Some spots are serpentine soil of Mandiangin and Awang Bangkalof South Kalimantan, which contain Cr, Ni, and Mn in concentration up to 1,500, 7,000, and4,000 mg.kg-1 respectively (Saidy & Badruzsaufari, 2009).The harsh characters of serpentine soil give rise to restrict the growth of most plants.However, some plants, especially endemic plants, found grow optimally on serpentine soil(Sudarmono, 2007). The previous investigation indicated that a plant which could adapt tothe condition of Kalimantan Selatan serpentine soil did symbiosis to develop mycorrhiza(Badruzsaufari et al., 2013). A vast majority of plants are reported to be tolerant of the harshcharacters of serpentine soil, which is helped by mycorrhizal symbiosis (Smith & Read,Hermawan et al, 20201502008). Some fungi are specifically tolerant of toxic metals on serpentine soil (Gadd, 1993).The fungi, which are as ectomycorrhizal fungi, develop specific fruiting bodies that appearedat some seasons for their cycle life (Brundrett et al., 1996). It is included in the division ofBasidiomycota and Ascomycota and also one genus inMucoromycotina.The mycorrhizal fungal diversity cannot be limited by Serpentine soils (Branco &Richard, 2010). In contrast, some arguments explain that it most likely affecting the toxicmetals directly by enzymatic inhibition of fungal cellular (Gadd, 1993) and indirectly by freeradical production (Dowling & Simmons, 2009). The comparison of fungal diversity amongserpentine and non-serpentine soil (Branco & Richard, 2010) is reported as more diverse onserpentine soil and composed by the same fungal lineage. The highly diverse ofectomycorrhizal fungal communities in some extreme areas are always more classified fromrare taxa (Taylor, 2002; Gardes & Bruns, 1996; Gehring et al., 1998). Accordingly, theectomycorrhizal fungi originally from serpentine soil are unique and have a specialmechanism to avoid the harsh serpentine soils.The symbiosis of ectomycorrhizal fungi is specific (Brundrett et al., 1996). The genusof plant that capable of developing the association with ectomycorrhizal fungi was Acacia(Bellgard, 1991), Dipterocarps (Brundrett, 2009; Karmilasanti & Maharani 2016; Ulfa et al.,2018), Pinus (Koide & Wu, 2003; Darwo & Sugiarti, 2008; Dewi et al., 2016) and Shorea(Alamsjah & Husin, 2010; Ramadhani et al., 2018). Karmilasanti & Maharani (2016) alsoreported the host besides Dipterocarp, such as Canarium, Cleodepas, Gluta, Krema,Madhuka, Ptarospermum, and Syzygium. Several endemic serpentine soil plants such asjambu sakati (Eugenia sp.) and other woody plants, such as pines, usually grow on theserpentine soil of Taman Hutan Rakyat (Tahura) Mandiangin. Thus, the plant vegetationfound on the soil suggested that it might associate with particular ectomycorrhizal fungi.Materials and MethodsSite and time of sampling and experimentThe sample exploration to collect fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi wasconducted in January, March, April, May, and June 2014, which covered the rainy season.The exploration located in Taman Hutan Rakyat (TAHURA) Mandiangin, South KalimantanIndonesia, where serpentine soil found. The sampling location was grown by woody plants,majorities such as Pine, Eugenia, or Sakati plant (local name), Shorea, Acacia, and Leucaenaleucocephala. The experiment to identify the fungi was conducted at the microbiologylaboratory and physiology/anatomy laboratory of the Basic Laboratory of Mathematics andNatural Science of Laboratory of Lambung Mangkurat University, from March untilNovember 2014.Mushrooms samplingMushrooms sampling was started with searching the fruiting bodies adjacent to the hostplants (Darwo & Sugiarti, 2008). The mushrooms should be fruiting bodies that grow directlyon the soil and near of woody plant. The condition and characters of fruiting bodies wererecorded. The important characters that observed were fruiting body shape, cap shape,lamella shape, stem shape, and the existence of annulus ring and scales (Brundrett et al.,1996).Identification of mushroomsThe genus name identification was based on Brundrett et al. (1996) and using thewebsite http://mushroomexpert.com by Michael Kuo (2020). Then the genus status of fungiassumed as ectomycorrhizal fungi was identified on http://mycorrhizas.info by Mark C.Brundrett (2008) and some literature.Hermawan et al, 2020151Results and DiscussionMushrooms were found near the host plant. Ch1 was located near Leucaenaleucocephala. Ch2, Ct, Rm1, and Rm2 were found near Sakati (local name) Eugenia sp. Lywas found near Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Tp was found near Mangifera indica. Their fruitingbodies were showed in figure 1. Macroscopic observation showed that specific forms forfungi indigenous South Kalimantan serpentine soil. They were in the types of puffball, coralfungi, fan-shaped, and toadstool. The result observation could be seen in table 1.ChlorophyllumChlorophyllum is known as parasol fungi. The first stage before being a maturemushroom, it will be like parasol on the cap. After being mature, the cap will open and bewider to side. Sample Ch1 and Ch2 were identified as Chorophyllum. They had veil remnantson the cap and membranous annulus on the stem. The Ch1 was a young fruiting body ofChlorophyllum. All of the caps were in parabolic or parasol shape. The fruiting bodies werefound making colonies (not too crowded) and distributing around the host plant. The Ch2 wasthe mature fruiting bodies of Chlorophyllum. The shape was in the umbonate. The cap wasalmost flat and wide with the single knop on the center of the cap. The colors of the Ch1 andCh2 were cream of cap and stem, and sometimes the over mature fruiting body would showthe blackish on the stem. The height was about 11,3 – 14,6 cm (Ch1) and 13,4 – 15,6 cm(Ch2). The diam. of the cap was about 5,5 – 5,9 cm (Ch1) and 7,9 – 9,5 cm (Ch2). Both ofthe samples had the membranous annulus.LycoperdonPuffball is a unique mushroom that has a form like a bulb but sometimes squeezestexture. One genus in the Puffball form is a sample Ly. The Ly was looked like swell or bulgecap shape. Some of Lycoperdon were known as saprophytic fungi, but few of them were alsoectomycorrhiza. The Ly had clearly cream color and free of the ornamentation on the surfaceof the fruiting body. The Ly was found only for one fruiting body. The texture was a squeeze,but exactly compact inside. The height was 7,6 cm. The stem part was tapering to base.CantharellusThe other unique mushroom was sample Ct formed like a trumpet with lamella thatblooms on the top. The Ct was identified as Cantharellus. The Ct was found for two fruitingbodies. The cap was smooth of surface, wavy of margin, and free of veil remnant. The gillspacing had particularly distant. The cap was infundibuliform (7,3 – 7,5 cm).ThelephoraSample Tp was like a small and flattened fan identified as Thelephora. Different fromother mushrooms as toadstool form, Thelephora had not lamella that blooms on the top, justflat for lamella or almost absent. The texture of the fruiting body was hard and rigid. Theygrow directly on the soil with colonies and crowded fruiting bodies. The color was white tobrown. The cap was flattened skin-like (1,5 – 4,7 cm). The stem was short (0,7 – 1,0 cm) anddirectly grow on the soil.RamariaBesides the toadstool and puffball, this study also found the coral fungi. Sample Rm1and Rm2 had coral form fruiting bodies. The difference among other genera of Ramaria wasthe style of branching pattern on the tip of the fruiting body, color, and size (for morphology).The difference between Rm1 and Rm2 was the typical branching on the apex of the fruitingbody. The Rm1 had the singular tip, but the Rm2 had the dichotomous branching (cloven toHermawan et al, 2020152be two). The Rm1 had smooth stem (1,1 – 1,7 cm diam.), but the Rm2 had Smooth (1,2 – 1,6cm diam.). The Rm1 had the 7 – 14 cm of height and the brownish color was clear of thewhole fruiting body. The Rm2 had 6,6 – 7,3 cm of height, and the color was orange withwhite on the tip of the fruiting body. Both of the fruiting bodies were exactly different for thespecies based on their morphological characters. Exeter et al. (2006) classified many speciesin Ramaria based on the characteristics such as color or pigment of the fruiting body.a b cfgdeFigure 1 Mushrooms indigenous South Kalimantan serpentine soil. (a) Chantarellus Ct; (b)Chlorophyllum Ch1; (c) Chlorophyllum Ch2; (d) Lycoperdon Ly; (e) Ramaria Rm1; (f)Ramaria Rm2; (g) Thelephora Tp. Scale bars on the side of photos are in 5 cm.Table 1. Macroscopic observation of the fruiting bodiesSamplecodeFruiting bodies morphologyShape offruitingbodyCap shape(capdiam.)Cap surfaceand marginGillspacingStem (stemdiam.)Height ColorGenusCt Toadstool Infundibuliform(7,3 – 7,5cm)Smooth andWavyDistant Free ofmembranousannulus(0,6 – 1,3cm)7,6 –8,1 cmCream CantharellusCh1 Toadstool Parabolic(5,5 – 5,9cm)Universalveil remnantand erodedCrowded Exist ofmembranousannulus(0,7 – 1,3cm)11,3 –14,6cmCream ChlorophyllumCh2 Toadstool Umbonate(7,9 – 9,5cm)Universalveil remnantand erodedCrowded Exist ofmembranousannulus(0,8 – 1,4cm)13,4 –15,6cmCream ChlorophyllumHermawan et al, 2020153Ly Puffball - - - Smooth andtapering tobase (2,7 –3,2 cm)7,6 cm Cream LycoperdonRm1 Coralfungi- - - Smooth(1,1 – 1,7cm)7 – 14cmBrown RamariaRm2 Coralfungi- - - Smooth(1,2 – 1,6cm)6,6 –7,3 cmWhitetoorangeRamariaTp Fan-shapedFlattenedskin-like(1,5 – 4,7cm)Smooth andwavy- Short (0,7 –1,0 cm)1,2 –2,4cmWhitetobrownThelephoraMushrooms that assumed as ectomycorrhiza indigenous of South Kalimantanserpentine soil had been found in the Basidiomycetes division. Based on Brundrett et al.(1996), the mushrooms as ectomycorrhizal fungi were Cantharellus, Lycoperdon, Ramaria,and Thelephora. Then, one mushroom, Chlorophyllum, was not ectomycorrhizal fungi.Chlorophyllum was known as saprobic fungi (Kuo, 2020) and cannot make a symbiotic withplants. Chlorohyllum had been found on the grounds, lawns, and pastures in Australia(Vellinga, 2003) and China (Ge & Yang, 2006). The saprobic traits make the Chlorophyllumis capable of decomposing the substrate, such as litter on the ground. Some species ofChlorophyllum can also be harvested as edible mushrooms (Amadou et al., 2009).Concernedly, this is dependent on where the mushroom grows. The mushrooms that areedible cannot be edible in the South Kalimantan serpentine soil. Some edible mushrooms canabsorb and accumulate the mineral and toxic from the substrate or ground, such asLycoperdon perlatum (Stihi et al., 2011). The fungus can absorb minerals that important forhuman diets, such as Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn, but also contain heavy metals as toxic, suchas Cd, Ni, and Pb.The heavy metals can be toxic to organisms, but some organisms have the mechanismto survive in that condition. Some fungi can survive in toxic environments because they cando biosorption by fungal melanin (Gadd & de Rome, 1988). The other mechanism also canbe done by extracellular chelation (Bellion et al., 2006). However, the ectomycorrhizal fungithat are surviving the plant root from toxic are played by filtering and protecting the rootusing mycelial mantle. This mechanism effects that the fruiting body will absorb the toxins(heavy metal). Therefore, the mushrooms found in this study may contain heavy metals intheir fruiting bodies.ReferencesAlamsjah, F., & Husin, E. F. (2010). Diversity of Ectomycorrhiza in Rhizosphere of Shoreasp. in West Sumatera. Biospectrum, 6, 155-160.Amadou, M. B., McGuire, K. L., & Diedhiou, A. D. 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Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on South Kalimantan Serpentine Soil

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungi on South Kalimantan Serpentine Soil

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