The deterioration of reinforced concrete structures is a major social problem. To minimize this problem and ensure effective structural management, the number and extent of repair interventions must be kept at the lowest probable level. Good bond is one of the main requirements for successful repair. The main aim of this study was to investigate the compressive stress-strain behaviour of the composite specimens consist of ordinary concrete (OC) substrate as old concrete and reactive powder concrete (RPC) as a retrofitting material, by using different types of OC substrate surface preparation methods. The results showed that the composite OC/RPC specimens were able to behave closely to individual OC, in the case of using OC substrate with surface prepared by sand blasted

Abu Bakar, Badorul H

Johari, MA Megat

Tayeh, Bassam A.

Tayeh, SM

English

Institutional Repository of the Islamic University of Gaza

Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 4 {(3) Geo-hazards and Civil Engineering)}: 294-298, 2013
ISSN 2079-2115 
IJEE an Official Peer Reviewed Journal of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2013.04.03.17
BUT
Corresponding Author: B.H. Abu Bakar, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus,
14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.  E-mail: cebad@eng.usm.my.
294
Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior of Composite
Ordinary and Reactive Powder Concrete
Bassam A. Tayeh, B.H. Abu Bakar, M.A. Megat Johari and S.M. Tayeh1 2 2 1
Civil Engineering Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine1
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus,2
14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
(Received: December 21, 2012;  Accepted in Revised Form: March 30, 2013)
Abstract: The deterioration of reinforced concrete structures is a major social problem. To minimize this problem
and ensure effective structural management, the number and extent of repair interventions must be kept at the
lowest probable level. Good bond is one of the main requirements for successful repair. The main aim of this
study was to investigate the compressive stress-strain behaviour of the composite specimens consist of
ordinary concrete (OC) substrate as old concrete and reactive powder concrete (RPC) as a retrofitting material,
by using different types of OC substrate surface preparation methods. The results showed that the composite
OC/RPC specimens were able to behave closely to individual OC, in the case of using OC substrate with surface
prepared by sand blasted.
Key words: Reactive powder concrete  Bond strength  Repair  material   Substrate   Compressive
stress-strain
INTRODUCTION and high durability and makes them potentially suitable
Reduction in the useful service-life of reinforced reinforced concrete structures [6, 7].
concrete construction is a major problem confronting the A number of studies [8-11] have used RPC as a repair
construction industry worldwide. Repair and rehabilitation or composite material to strengthen OC structural
of deteriorated concrete structures are essential not only members. However, very little information on the behavior
to utilize them for their intended service-life but also to of the compressive stress-strain behavior of the
assure the safety and serviceability of the associated composite specimens OC/RPC bond between RPC as
components. repair material and old concrete substrate is available.
A good repair improves the function and performance The main aim of the work presented here is to
of the concrete structure, whether the structure is a investigate the compressive stress-strain behavior of the
pavement, or a bridge, or a building. On the other hand, composite specimens consist of ordinary concrete (OC)
poor repair fails early or deteriorates the adjoining sound substrate as old concrete and reactive powder concrete
concrete material in a relatively short period of time. (RPC) as a retrofitting material, by using different types of
Selection of appropriate repair materials depends on the OC substrate surface preparation methods.
material properties and behaviour of composite section
under anticipated service exposure conditions [1-3]. Experimental Programme
The reactive powder concrete (RPC) has a remarkable Ordinary Concrete Substrate and RPC Properties: The
flexural strength and very high ductility; their ductility is mixing design of OC used in this study ensures average
greater than 250 times that of conventional concrete [4, 5]. compressive strengths 45MPa at 28 days. The OC used
Their extremely low porosity gives them low permeability contains  Type-I ordinary Portland cement, river sand with
for being used in a new technique for retrofitting
GR SB WB DH AC
R P C
N C
Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 4 {(3) Geo-hazards and Civil Engineering)}: 294-298, 2013
295
Table 1: OC substrate mix design
Item Mass (kg/m )3
OPC 400
Coarse Aggregate 930
Fine Aggregate 873
Water 200
Superplasticizer 4
Table 2: RPC mix design
Item Mass (kg/m )3
OPC 768
Silica Fume 192
Sieved Sand 1140
Micro-Steel Fiber 157
Superplasticizer 40
Free Water 144
Fig. 1: Specimen for OC compression test
Fig. 2: Slant shear test specimens with the different
surface textures
Fig. 3: Slant shear test specimens
fineness modulus of 2.4, coarse aggregate (granite) with
a maximum size of 12.5mm, a water-to-cement ratio of 0.5
and a slump value between 150-180 mm. The mix
proportion of the OC substrate is presented in Table 1. As
shown in Figure.1, the control specimen used consists of
100mm x 100mm x 300mm tall prism for uniaxial
compression strength test with an average compression
strength 38MPa at 28 days.
The mix design of RPC used as a repair material
contains Type-I ordinary Portland cement, densified silica
fume, well graded sieved and dried mining sand, very high
strength micro-steel fiber and polycarboxylate ether based
(PCE) super-plasticizer. The steel fiber used has a fiber
length and fiber diameter of 10mm and 0.2mm, respectively
and the steel fiber has ultimate tensile strength of 2500
MPa. The RPC used has achieved an average 28 days
cube compressive strength of f  = 170 MPa. The mixcu
design of the RPC is presented in Table 2.
Specimens Preparation: Each of the tested specimen
comprised of two different materials, being the OC as a
substrate and RPC as a repair material. The fresh OC was
sealed and left to set in its moulds for 24 hours after
casting. After 24 hours the OC specimens were
demoulded and were cleaned and cured for another two
days in a water curing tank. At the age of three days, the
OC substrate specimens were taken out from the water
tank for surface preparation. In this study, the
experimental parameter is the surface texture of the
substrate. Five different types of surface were prepared,
which are (i) as casted without roughening (AC), (ii) sand
blasted (SB), (iii) wire brushed (WB), (iv) drill holes (DR)
and (v) grooves (GR).
Figure 2 shows the roughened surfaces of the OC
substrate specimens. These specimens represent the first
half substrate for the slant shear test. Prior to the casting
the RPC onto this roughened OC surfaces, the OC
specimens were further cured in a water tank until the age
of 28 days since the casting date. At the age of 28 days,
the OC substrate specimens were left to dry for two
months [12].
Before casting the RPC, the surfaces of the OC
substrate  specimens  were  moistured  for  10  minutes
and  wiped  dry  with  a  damped  cloth.  The OC
substrate specimens were then placed into steel-made
moulds  with the slant side face upward. Mixing of the
RPC  was  carrying out using a pan mixer. The moulds
were  then  filled  with  RPC.  Figure  3  shows the
complete   composite   specimens    for    the   split
cylinder   strength  tests  and  slant  shear  strength tests.
L
PS
A
 
=  
 
Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 4 {(3) Geo-hazards and Civil Engineering)}: 294-298, 2013
296
Fig. 4: Slant shear strength for each type of substrate relative increase of 31.1, 37.5, 64.0 and 102.7%, for drill
surface holes surface, wire brush surface, grooved surface and
Fig. 5: Compressive stress-strain curves. Type C is the interfacial failure and substrate
The composite specimens were steam cured for 48 hours Type D is the substratum failure.
at a temperature of 90°C [13, 14]. At age 7 days, slant
shear test was performed. The lowest shear bond strength was recorded in the
Test Method: Slant shear test as per the specification of preparation of the substrate. Again, the observed trend
ASTM C882 [15] was used to investigate the behavior of further emphasizes  the  necessity  for   appropriate
compressive stress-strain of the composite specimens OC surface preparation to ensure improved the  bond
substrate and RPC  repair  material.  the  bond  strength strength of the composites. The drill holes and wire brush
between OC substrate and RPC repair material  also surfaces exhibit combination of type B (Figure 6b) and C
calculated. The RPC was casted and bonded to the OC (Figure 6c) failure modes from 3 samples tested, while the
substrate specimens on a slant plane inclined angle of 30° grooved and sand blasted surfaces exhibit type C and D
from the vertical axis to form a 100mm x 100mm x 300mm failure mode, respectively. Thus, the highest bond
composite prisms specimens [7] as shown in Figure 3. strength recorded by the sand blasted surface is
Discussion of Results: The bond strength for the slant substratum failure  with  no  interfacial  de-bonding
shear strength was calculated by dividing  the  maximum (Figure 6d). The average slant shear test was the highest
load by the bond area which can be expressed as: in the surface sand blasted substrate (i.e. S  = 17.18 MPa).
acceptable bond strength for repair work shall within the
(1) ranges  of  6.9  –  12MPa for slant shear strength at 7 days
where S is the slant shear strength (in MPa); P is the
maximum force recorded (in kN) and A  is the area of theL
slant surface (in mm ). The experimental slant shear2
strength test results were presented in Figure 4.
As shown in Figure 5., the type of substrate surface
preparation affects on the compressive stress-strain
behavior of the composite specimens, the recorded
compressive strength increases in  the  order  of as
casted  surface  < drill holes surface < wire brush surface
< grooved surface < sand blasted surface. Hence, the
differently prepared surfaces of the substrates provide
significant improvement in bond strength of the
composites  in  comparison  to  no  preparation  surface
(as casted), the different substrate surfaces provide a
sandblasted surface, respectively. Thus, the different
substrate surfaces enhance the bond strength by between
31.1 to 102.7%, with the sand blasted surface exhibiting
the highest enhancement; since in case of the substrate
surface prepared by sand blasted, the  compressive
stress-strain of the composite specimens behaved closely
to individual OC.
The failure modes for the slant shear specimens can
be categorized into four types as shown in Figure 6:
Type A is the interfacial bond failure;
Type B is the interfacial failure and substrate cracks
or small parts broken; 
fracture;
case of the as casted surface due to no surface
concurrent with the observed failure mode; i.e. complete
av
The ACI Concrete Repair Guide specifies the
Iranica J. Energy & Environ., 4 {(3) Geo-hazards and Civil Engineering)}: 294-298, 2013
297
A= Interface failure, B = Interface failure & substrate cracks, C = Interface failure & substrate fracture, D = Substratum failure.
Fig. 6: The failure modes for the slant shear specimens
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Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior of Composite Ordinary and Reactive Powder Concrete

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Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior of Composite Ordinary and Reactive Powder Concrete

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