The genital tract of female animals, especially the caudal region, is known to habour non specific bacteria that are sometimes called the normal bacterial flora. In this study, we examined 12 apparently healthy female African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) (AGR) to determine their vaginal bacterial flora. Swab collected from the vagina of each rat after previous chloroform anaesthesia was seeded onto blood and MacConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically at 370C for up to 48hours. Isolates were then characterized using various character parameters. The results indicated that 7 bacterial genera inhabit the vagina of the 12 African giant rats that were studied. The distribution of the bacteria species in the AGR were highlighted in the text. It is inferred from the results that under stress condition, these bacteria could cause disease in the African giant rats

Agbaje, M.

Kehinde, O. O.

Olude, M. A.

Oyekunle, M. A.

English

Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta: FUNAAB Journal

NORMAL AEROBIC VAGINAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE AFRICAN GIANT RATS (AGR) CAPTURED FROM THEIR NATURAL HABITAT IN ABEOKUTA,  OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.   *1M. AGBAJE, 2M.A. OLUDE, 1M.A. OYEKUNLE AND  1O.O. KEHINDE3  ¹Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology,  2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, 3Department of Veterinary Public Health and Reproduction,        College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.       *Corresponding author:  mikeagbaje@yahoo.com region (Chineme and Ibrahim, 1984). With the World Health Organisation (WHO) di-rective on total minimal animal protein to be consumed daily, the African giant rat is be-coming a well known source of animal pro-tein and  as delicacy to many (Asibey, 1978). In the indigenous African population, these rats are considered a delicacy and are often hunted for food.    The increasing drive to further understand the domestication and clinical management of these rodents has led to various biomedi-cal and anatomical researches on the African giant rat with a focus on domestication and food/protein security (Ajayi, 1971).  Recent ABSTRACT The genital tract of female animals, especially the caudal region, is known to habour non specific bac-teria that are sometimes called the normal bacterial flora. In this study, we examined 12 apparently healthy female African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus, Waterhouse) (AGR) to determine their vagi-nal bacterial flora. Swab collected from the vagina of each rat after previous chloroform anaesthesia was seeded onto blood and MacConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically at 370C for up to 48hours. Isolates were then characterized using various character parameters. The results indicated that 7 bacterial genera inhabit the vagina of the 12 African giant rats that were studied. The distribution of the bacteria species in the AGR were highlighted in the text. It is inferred from the results that under stress condition, these bacteria could cause disease in the African giant rats.   Keywords: African giant rat, bacteria, vagina, Abeokuta. INTRODUCTION The African giant rat, also known as pouched rat is one of Africa’s largest ro-dents. Two species have been distinguished: Cricetomys gambianus, which lives chiefly in Savannahs and around the regions of for-ests and human settlements; and Cricetomys emini, which is mostly found in the rain for-ests. They are found in Central Africa and in regions south of the Sahara desert which includes Nigeria (Ajayi and Tewe, 1978). Being natural inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa, these rodents are well suited to the climate and resistant to many endemic dis-eases prevalent in this region. Also, they serve as a source of animal protein in this J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2010, 9(2):84-88 Journal of Natural  Sciences, Engineer-ing and Technology  84 ISSN - 2277 - 0593 © UNAAB 2010 research has also employed keen sense of smell and the relatively light weight of this rodent in the areas of tuberculosis research and landmine detection (Nowak, 1997). Mamman et al., (2007) carried out prelimi-nary investigations of bacterial flora in the internal organs. Aside this, there is paucity of information on bacterial organisms either beneficial or pathogenic to this important rodent. This study seeks to find out bacte-rial organisms haboured as normal flora of the vagina of apparently healthy AGR.   MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Location This study was carried out at the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (Latitude 70 5.51 – 30 21 and Longitude 30 11.21 – 30 2.51 and altitude 76 MASL) is situated in the rain forest vegetation zone. The area has a humid climate with mean annual rainfall and temperature of 1037 mm and 34.70C respectively and average relative humidity of 82% (Dipeolu et al., 2005).  Animals Twelve apparently healthy adult  African giant rats weighing 2-2.5kg were obtained from their natural habitat in Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria. Prior to their use, all giant rats were housed individually for about one week in stainless steel cages at a room temperature of 27°C-32°C with about 12 hours of light per day. The animals were fed commercial rabbit diet (Ladokun Feed, Ibadan, Nigeria) and water ad libitum.   Samples Each African giant rat was anaesthetized by chloroform inhalation. Vagina specimen was then taken with a sterile swab stick and then stored in sealed containers on wet ice (40C) until taken to the laboratory for bacte-riological analysis. Bacteriological Analysis Primary isolation was done by directly streaking each swab onto 5% sheep blood and MacConkey agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, U.K) plates .The plates were incubated aero-bically at 37°C for up to 48 hours. Following the incubation period, the bacteria colonies were examined with hand lens, Gram stained and observed under oil immersion objective (X100) of binocular microscope (Olympus, Germany). Tests for catalase and oxidase activities, Motility, Indole production, triple sugar iron (TSI) reaction, Citrate, Lysine de-carboxylase, Urea hydrolysis, Methyl red and Voges Proskauer were carried out according to the techniques described by Quinn et al. (1994) and  Koneman et al.(2001).  The cell and colour morphology and the bio-chemical properties of bacteria described by Quinn et al. (1994) and Koneman et al. (2001) were used for the identification of the iso-lates from the AGR.  RESULTS All  cultured plates yielded growth and the isolates were distributed among seven genera of bacteria (Table 1).The most common iso-late was Staphylococcus aureus, which occurred in  about 21.7% of AGR that were studied (Table 2). This was closely followed by E. coli which occurred in about 19.6% of the AGR that were studied. Others include non-coagulating Staphylococcus spp. and Proteus spp. which occurred in about 13.0% each of the studied AGR. β- Streptococcus, Micrococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. accounted for 12.2% each (Table 2).        *1M. AGBAJE, 2M.A. OLUDE, 1M.A. OYEKUNLE AND 1O.O. KEHINDE3 J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2010, 9(2):84-88 85 Table 1: Bacteria species isolated from the vagina of 12 African giant rats Sample No. Staphylo-coccus aureus   Non-coagulase Staphylococ-cus ssp.   Micrococ-cus Sp. Escherichia coli   Pseudomo-nas sp.   Proteus sp.    β-Streptococcus sp.   1 + + + - - - - 2 + - - + + - - 3 + - - + - + - 4 - + + + - + + 5 + + - + - - + 6 + - - + + + - 7 + - + + + - + 8 + + + - + + - 9 - + - + - + - 10 + + + + + + - 11 + - - - - - + 12 + - - + - - + Positive AGR 10/12 6/12 5/12 9/12 5/12 6/12 5/12 Key:       +   = Positive -   =  Negative Table 2: Incidence of different bacteria species isolated from the vagina of 12     African giant rats S/N Isolated Bacteria No. of AGR car-rying bacteria % of AGR carrying the bacteria 1 Staphylococcus aureus 10 21.7 2 Non-coagulase  Staphylococcus sp. 6 13.0 3 Micrococcus sp. 5 10.9 4 Escherichia coli 9 19.6 5 Pseudomonas sp. 5 10.9 6 Proteus sp. 6 13.0 7 β-Streptococcus 5 10.9   Total isolates from samples 41 100  *1M. AGBAJE, 2M.A. OLUDE, 1M.A. OYEKUNLE AND 1O.O. KEHINDE3 J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2010, 9(2):84-88 86 DISCUSSION Unlike in many other animal species which are known to support verse important geni-tal tract mucosal microflora, very few bacte-ria genera were isolated from the African giant rat genital mucosal surfaces. The pre-dominant bacteria in the African giant rat vaginal were Staphylococcus aureus (21.7%) and E. coli (19.6%). Others include coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp., Proteus sp. (13%) and Micrococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp. and β-haemolytic Streptococcus (10.9%).  Although lower in incidence in AGR, Micro-coccus sp. has been reported in dog and rat vagina microflora (Larsen et al., 1976 and Baba et al., 1983). Also, the relative high in-cidence (Table 2) of Staphylococcus aureus in AGR vagina observed in this study was similar to previous observations of the vagi-nal flora of humans and dogs (Bartlett and Polk, 1984 and Chow et al., 1984).  The isolation of Streptococci in the vagina of AGR in this study agrees with several earlier reports from other similar studies in which this organism was observed in many vaginal microfloras of different species (Scott et al., 1971; Skangalis et al., 1979; Baba et al., 1983).  The number of AGR carrying members of Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli and Proteus sp.) (Table 2) in their vagina isolated suggests possible faecal contamination from the breeding environment, since these rodents spend most of their time in small confine-ments and are gregarious in nature.  Most of the isolated microorganisms are opportunist pathogens and can become a problem in periods of high stress levels. The African giant rats are very sensitive to stress and, under such condition, these bac-teria present in their vaginal compartment can break the mucosa barrier leading to dis-ease and environmental shedding (Huchzermeye, 2002).   The presence of these isolates organisms (Table 1) suggests that AGR could serve as reservoir hosts and potential sources of spread to other animals. Also, their meat and meat products could serve as sources of zoonotic transmission, especially during han-dling and consumption of improperly cooked meat from these animals.   In conclusion, there are seven varieties of aerobic bacteria isolated from the vaginal mucosa of the African giant rats that were studied. These bacteria can eventually be in-volved in pathological processes of these rodents and others, including humans.  REFERENCES Ajayi, S.S. 1971. Wildlife as a source of pro-tein in Nigeria: some priorities for develop-ment. The Nigerian Field, 36(3): 115-127.  Ajayi, S.S., Tewe, O.O. 1978. Performance of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) on commercial rations and varying dietary protein levels. Laboratory Ani-mals, 12: 109-112.  Asibey, E.O.A. 1978. Wildlife production as a means of protein supply in West Africa with particular reference to Ghana. Proceedings of the 8th Forestry Congress.  III: 869-881.  Baba, E., Hata, H., Fukata, T., Arakawa, A. 1983. Vaginal and uterine microflora of adult dogs. Am J Vet Res. 44: 606-609. Bartlett, J.G., Polk, B.F. 1984. Bacterial flora of the vagina: quantitative study. Rev Infect Dis, 6: S67-S72.  NORMAL AEROBIC VAGINAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE... J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2010, 9(2):84-88 87 Chineme, C.N., Ibrahim, M.A. 1984. He-patic Capillariasis in African Giant Rats (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse). Journal of Wildlife Diseases; pp. 341-342.  Chow, A.W., Bartlett, K.H., Goldring, A.M. 1984. Quantitative vaginal microflora in women convalescent from toxic shock syndrome and in healthy controls. Infect Im-mun; 44: 650-652.  Dipeolu, M.A., Eruvbetine, D., Ogun-tona, E.B., Bankole, O.O., Sowunmi, K.S. 2005.  Comparison of effects of antibi-otics and enzyme inclusion in diets of laying birds. 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A preliminary investiga-tion of the bacteria flora in the internal or-gans of the  African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) captured in Zaria, Nigeria. Book of proceedings of of 44th annual con-gress of the Nigerian Veterinary  Medical Asso-ciation, 22nd – 25th October, 2007. Pp 176-179.Edited by Remi- Adewunmi, B.D., Has-san, A.Z. and Oni, I.N.  Nowak, R. 1997."Walker's Mammals of the World" (On-line). Accessed March 16, 2004 at http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/rodentia/rodentia.anomaluridae.zenkerella.html.  Quinn P.J., Carter, M.E, Markey, B.K., Carter, G.R. 1994. Clinical Veterinary  Microbiology. Mosby, Edinburgh, P. 118-136, 209-225.  (Manuscript received: 15th June, 2010; accepted: 14th July, 2010). NORMAL AEROBIC VAGINAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE... J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2010, 9(2):84-88 88 

Normal Aerobic Vaginal Bacterial Flora of The African Giant Rats (AGR) Captured from Their Natural Habitat in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

https://www.journal.unaab.edu.ng/index.php/JNSET/article/view/1110/1065

Normal Aerobic Vaginal Bacterial Flora of The African Giant Rats (AGR) Captured from Their Natural Habitat in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria

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