Measurements were carried out using a Geiger Muller Survey Meter and a Global Positioning System (GPS) to find&nbsp; the outdoor absorbed dose rates in selected cement stores in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The outdoor&nbsp; absorbed dose rates&nbsp; (control sites 10m away from cement depot) ranged from 400 nGy/hr) (Sapon) to 740 nGy/hr (Adatan) with the mean 554.7 ± 0.08 nGy/hr&nbsp; and the indoor absorbed dose rate (store) ranged from 740 nGy/hr&nbsp; (Lafenwa1&amp;2) to 1240 nGy/hr (Isale-Ake) with the mean 909.3 ± 16 nGy/hr. The corresponding annual effective dose rates for the control sites ranged from 1.13 mSv/yr (sapon) to 2.09 mSv/yr (Adatan) with the mean 1.57 ± 0.32 &nbsp;mSv/yr, while it ranged from 2.45 mSv/yr (Lafenwa1&amp;2) to 4.11 mSv/yr (Isale ake) for the cement depots&nbsp; with the mean 3.01 ± 0.52 mSv/yr. It has been revealed from this study that cement may enhance exposure to radiation, since the value of the absorbed dose rates in the stores are higher than thoseof the control sites. The values for the annual effective dose calculated are higher than 1mSv/yr.
&nbsp

AKINBORO, F. G.

MAKINDE, V.

MUSTAPHA, A. O.

OBADEYI, W. B.

OKEYODE, I. C.

English

Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta: FUNAAB Journal

namic diameter range is 0.05- 5.0 µm, which is produced by hearing ground cement rock or other limestone-bearing materials into a fused clinker that, is then ground into a fine powder (Abdolhossein et al., 2010). Portland cement dust is a gray powder with an aerody-namic diameter ranging from 0.05 to 5.0 mm (Kalacic, 1973). This size is within the range of sizes of respirable particles, and, there-fore, exposure to Portland cement dust has long been associated with respiratory symp-toms and varying degrees of airway obstruc-tion in people who work with Portland ce-ment (Bazas, 1980; ElSewefy  et al., 1970; Kalacic, 1973a, b; Oleru, 1984; Shamssain    et al.,    1988;    Saric   et   al.,   1976; Noor et ABSTRACT Measurements were carried out using a Geiger Muller Survey Meter and a Global Positioning System (GPS) to find  the outdoor absorbed dose rates in selected cement stores in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The outdoor  absorbed dose rates  (control sites 10m away from cement depot) ranged from 400 nGy/hr) (Sapon) to 740 nGy/hr (Adatan) with the mean 554.7 ± 0.08 nGy/hr  and the indoor absorbed dose rate (store) ranged from 740 nGy/hr  (Lafenwa1&2) to 1240 nGy/hr (Isale-Ake) with the mean 909.3 ± 16 nGy/hr. The corresponding annual effective dose rates for the control sites ranged from 1.13 mSv/yr (sapon) to 2.09 mSv/yr (Adatan) with the mean 1.57 ± 0.32  mSv/yr, while it ranged from 2.45 mSv/yr (Lafenwa1&2) to 4.11 mSv/yr (Isale ake) for the cement depots  with the mean 3.01 ± 0.52 mSv/yr. It has been revealed from this study that cement may enhance exposure to radiation, since the value of the absorbed dose rates in the stores are higher than thoseof the control sites. The values for the annual effective dose calculated are higher than 1mSv/yr.  Keywords: Radiation dose, Cement stores attendants, Abeokuta INTRODUCTION Human exposure to ionizing radiation due to naturally occurring radionuclides has long been a cause of concern (Brahmanandhan et al., 2007; Jibiri and Okeyode, 2012). Environmental pollution has remained a threat and recent challenge following a large increase in industrial con-centration (Jibiri et al., 2010). The essential constituents of cement like lime, silica and alumina are derived from earth’s crust in which radioactive elements like Uranium, Thorium etc are also present in varying amounts almost everywhere (Nain et al., 2006).  Kalacic (1973) reported that in the cement production process the aerody-MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION DOSE IN SELECTED CEMENT STORES IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, USING GM SURVEY METER  *I.C. OKEYODE, W. B. OBADEYI, V. MAKINDE, F.G. AKINBORO AND  A.O. MUSTAPHA  Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: kamiyolejoy2000@yahoo.com Tel:+2348030731404 Journal of Natural  Science, Engineering and Technology  ISSN: Print    -  2277 - 0593 Online -  2315 - 7461 © FUNAAB 2012 33 J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2012, 11(1): 33-39  al., 2000; Yang et al., 1996; Kpeglo et al., 2011). There has been an increasing de-mand for cement production throughout the world with the ever increasing growth in human civilization, (increasing population and expansion of infrastructure). Portland cement is one of the  common type of ce-ment in general usage in Nigeria and in many parts of the world,  as it is a basic in-gredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most nonspecialty grout. Considering Ogun State in Nigeria and Abeokuta town in par-ticular, sales of cement either in concrete shops or iron container shops is part of the major business in the town. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess the radiation dose that may be caused by cement stored in these selected cement stores made either of concrete shops or iron containers in Abeokuta using GM survey meter.   MATERIALS AND METHODS The Study Area Abeokuta is the capital city  of Ogun state, South-western Nigeria. It is situated be-tween latitudes 3 20''and 3 54'' and longi-tude 7 9'' and 7 39'' on the east bank of the Ogun River, around a group of rocky out-croppings that rise above the surrounding wooded savanna. Abeokuta means “Refuge Among Rocks” in the local language and it was so called because the caves of the out-crop rocks provided shelter and safe havens for the early settlers from invaders (Britannica, 2012; Demeji, 2010). The geol-ogy of Abeokuta comprises a rock sequence that starts with the Precambrian Basement and consists of quartzites and biotite schist, hornblende-biotite, granite and gneisses. The sedimentary rock sequences are from Creta-ceous to Recent; the oldest of them, the Abeota formation, consists of grey sand in-tercalated with brown to dark grey clay. It is overlain by the Ewekoro formation, which typically contains thick limestone layers at its base (Jibiri and Okeyode, 2012). Figure 1 shows the locations of the sampling points.     *I.C. OKEYODE, W. B OBADEYI, V. MAKINDE, F.G. AKINBORO AND A.O MUSTAPHA 34 Figure 1: Map of the study area J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2012, 11(1): 33-39  Absorbed Dose Rates Measurement The absorbed radiation dose (i.e the energy deposited per unit mass of medium, which may be measured as joules per kilogram and represented by the equivalent SI unit, gray (Gy)) at selected cement stores were measured using a survey meter. This consists of a graduated screen with a moving coil counter and use a 6V (d.c) battery as its power source. The survey meter is a Geiger-Müller detector incorporating a large-area 45 mm diameter pancake-geometry Geiger tube with mica window, sensitive to alpha, beta, gamma radiation and X-rays. Measurements were taken from both control sites which were 10meters away from the cement depots (shops) and inside the depots (shops). When taking the measurements, the survey meter was held 1meter above the ground surface. The highest deflection within 30sec was recorded for each measurement. The large digital display shows count rates and dose rates in Cpm and mRad/hr, respectively. Five readings were taken at each location and the average computed, Table 1. MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION DOSE IN SELECTED CEMENT STORES IN... 35 Effective Dose Rate Calculation  The annual effective dose rates HE(mSv/y) that would be received in the stores and in the control sites were derived from the expressions (UNSCEAR, 2000):                (1) and   (2) {UNSCEAR, 2000} 610)/(7.054.0)/(8760)/()/(  GySvyhrhrnGyDyrmSvH StoreE610)/(7.046.0)/(8760)/()/(  GySvyhrhrnGyDyrmSvH ControlEwhere is the total absorbed dose in air, is the number of hours per year , is the conversion from absorbed dose in air to effective dose in tissues. The occupancy factor varies for different location, the in-door occupancy factor used for this study is 0.54 for the store because the highest time spent by the attendants in the stores is 13hrs and the Outdoor (control sites) occu-pancy factor used in the work is hours which is the fraction of )/( hrnGyD)/(8760 yhr)36524(  )/(7.0 GySv)24/11(46.0the time spent outdoor by the attendants. The effective dose rates calculated for the control sites and the cement stores are shown in Table 2.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results The Results of the measured absorbed doses and the corresponding effective doses at the selected Control sites and cement stores are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The distribution of the absorbed doses are also presented in Figure 2. J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2012, 11(1): 33-39  Table 1: Absorbed dose rates in the Control Sites and the Selected Cement Stores       Absorbed dose rates (104nGy/hr)     Sample locations Latitude Longitude Control sites Stores Time Spent (Hrs) by attendants Nature of Depot ADIGBE 7.12317 3.32400 0.046 0.076 9 Concrete SAJE 7.17760 3.35376 0.064 0.090 9 Container ADATAN 7.16895 3.36174 0.074 0.110 9 Concrete ISOLU 7.21746 3.44631 0.064 0.084 9 Container SAPON 7.15351 3.34832 0.040 0.080 12 Concrete OBANTOKO1 7.17845 3.40182 0.050 0.080 12 Container OLORUNSOGO 7.15418 3.36744 0.052 0.096 10 Concrete ABIOLAWAY 7.16319 3.37210 0.072 0.118 9 Concrete ISALE AKE 7.16409 3.35662 0.042 0.124 12 Concrete OBANTOKO2 7.18187 3.39306 0.070 0.096 10 Container OLOMORE 7.14684 3.31630 0.046 0.080 --- Concrete ITA-OSHIN 7.13689 3.30693 0.054 0.086 8 Concrete LAFENWA1 7.16230 3.32557 0.058 0.074 11 Container LAFENWA2 7.15703 3.32848 0.042 0.074 13 Container CAMP 7.18410 3.43331 0.058 0.096 9 Container Average   554.7 ± 11 909.3 ± 16   Table 2: The annual effective dose rates for the control sites and the cement stores   Annual effective dose (mSv/y) Annual effective dose (mSv/y) Sample locations Control sites Cement Stores ADIGBE 1.298 2.517 SAJE 1.805 2.980 ADATAN 2.087 3.642 ISOLU 1.805 2.781 SAPON 1.128 2.649 OBANTOKO1 1.410 2.649 OLORUNSOGO 1.467 3.179 ABIOLA WAY 2.031 3.907 ISALE AKE 1.185 4.106 OBANTOKO2 1.975 3.179 OLOMORE 1.298 2.649 ITA-OSHIN 1.523 2.848 LAFENWA1 1.636 2.450 LAFENWA2 1.185 2.450 CAMP 1.636 3.179 Average 1.57 ± 0.32 3.01 ± 0.52 *I.C. OKEYODE, W. B OBADEYI, V. MAKINDE, F.G. AKINBORO AND A.O MUSTAPHA 36 J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2012, 11(1): 33-39  Fig. 2: Bar chart showing the annual effective dose rates (mSv/y) against locations DISCUSSION The outdoor  absorbed dose rates  (control sites 10m away from cement depot) ranged from 400 nGy/hr) (Sapon) to 740 nGy/hr (adatan) with the mean 554.7 ± 0.08 nGy/hr  and the indoor absorbed dose rate (store) ranged from 740 nGy/hr  (lafenwa1&2) to 1240 nGy/hr (Isale-Ake) with the mean  909.3 ± 16 nGy/hr. For the corresponding annual effective dose rates for the control sites,  it ranged from 1.13 mSv/yr (sapon) to 2.09 mSv/yr (adatan) with the mean 1.57 ± 0.32  mSv/yr while it ranged from 2.45 mSv/yr (lafenwa1&2) to 4.11 mSv/yr (isale ake) for the cement de-pots  with the mean 3.01 ± 0.52 mSv/yr, Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Figure 2 shows the distribution of the absorbed dose rates for the control sites and the cement depot. It has been revealed from this study that cement may enhance expose to higher level of radiation, since the value of the absorbed dose rates in the stores are higher than the values of the control sites. It was also  re-vealed from the study that those stores with highest absorbed dose rates and correspond-ing effective dose rates were those whose attendants spent most time indoor.  One can also see from the study that depot stores made with concrete had higher absorbed dose rates than the container stores, this but-tressed the fact that  building materials like bricks, cement, sand etc contribute to radia-tion exposures.  CONCLUSION Generally, comparing the absorbed dose rates and the effective dose rates obtained from this study with the ICRP recommenda-tion dose limit for the public, it was ob-served that the values were a bit high. The MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION DOSE IN SELECTED CEMENT STORES IN... 37 J. Nat. Sci. Engr. Tech. 2012, 11(1): 33-39  annual effective dose rates were higher than 1mSv/yr as recommended by ICRP. It was observed that the average annual ab-sorbed dose rate and the annual effective dose rate for the outdoor (control sites) were lower than the annual absorbed dose rate and the effective dose rate for the in-door (cement stores).   Cement may enhance exposure to radiation.  Cement attendants may be regarded as be-ing occupationally exposed to radiation. From the results, depots  made with con-tainers are better for the attendant staying inside the shop for a very long time than the cement store made of concrete but it is advised that the attendants do not stay in any of the stores as both the values are higher than 1mSv/yr.  REFERENCE Abbady, A. 2006. Radiological hazard and radiogenic heat production in some building  materials in upper Egypt, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,268(2):243–246.  Abdolhossein, P., Hossein, K., Mostafa, H., Farhad. F., Hojattollah, K.  2010. The Effect of Cement Dust on the Lung Function. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene.  2(2): 74-78.  Bazas, T., 1980. Effects of occupational exposure to dust on the respiratory system of cement workers. J. Soc. Occup. Med., 30: 31-36.  Britannica Inc., 2012. Abeokuta Ency-clopædia. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web.   Dimeji K . A. 2010. Water scarcity bites harder in Abeokuta. Retrieved 2010-05-22.  El-Sewefy, A.Z., Awad, S.,  Metwally, M. 1970. Spirometric measurements in an Egyp-tian Portland cement factory. J. Egypt. Med. Assoc., 53: 179-186.  Jibiri N. N, Adewole O.O., Egunjobi K.A. 2010. Variation of Mean Radiation Dose with Distance of Sites Proximal to PURECHEM Cement Factory, Onigbedu Ogun State, Nigeria The Pacific Journal of Sci-ence and Technology. 11( 2).     Jibiri, N.N., Okeyode, I.C. 2012. Evalua-tion of radiological hazards in these dements of Ogun river, South-Western Nigeria. 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MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION DOSE IN SELECTED CEMENT STORES IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, USING GM SURVEY METER

https://www.journal.unaab.edu.ng/index.php/JNSET/article/view/1416/1309

MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION DOSE IN SELECTED CEMENT STORES IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, USING GM SURVEY METER

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