Husnurrizal, .

Jaya, Ricko L

Mulyawati, Dwi

Noske, Richard A

Nurza, Agus

Sanir, T M

English

KUKILA

Kukila 14 2009 Short Communication 54First Breeding Records of Shikra Accipiter badiusin IndonesiaAGUS NURZA1, DWI MULYAWATI2, HUSNURRIZAL3,RICKO L. JAYA4 , T. M SANIR5 AND RICHARD NOSKE6.1Jl. Soekarno Hatta No. 18 Garot Geuceu, Banda Aceh Indonesia.Email: agus.nurza@gmail.com2Dwi Mulyawati, Jl. Palapa 8/9 Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Indonesia3Jl. Tgk Chik Di Lamnyong, Lr. Tengah No. 7. Darussalam, Banda Aceh Indonesia.4Ricko L. Jaya, Dusun Tanjung, Surien, Banda Aceh Indonesia.5T. M. Sanir, Jl. Inong Balee, Laboratory of Veterinary Faculty, Darussalam, Banda AcehIndonesia.6 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.Ringkasan. Di Indonesia Elangalap Shikra Accipiter badius selama ini dikenal sebagaijenis yang bermigrasi sampai ke Sumatera. Tulisan ini melaporkan catatan berbiakpertama Elangalap Shikra di Indonesia yang ternyata merupakan populasi penetapberdasarkan pengamatan pada beberapa sarang aktif yang ditemukan antara bulan Januaridan April 2008 di Aceh, Sumatera yang sebelumnya tidak terlaporkan. Laporan ini jugamencatat perilaku berbiak seperti kopulasi, membangun sarang, dan kehadiran anak.Dengan laporan ini juga berarti meluasnya populasi berbiak Elangalap Shikra, sekaligusmenyarankan penelitian lebih jauh mengenai distribusi, kelimpahan, dan tingkatkesuksesan berbiak jenis ini.Indonesia has 19 species of goshawks and sparrowhawks belonging to the genusAccipiter (Sukmantoro et al. 2007), of which one is considered as a strictmigrant, four as partial migrants, and two as irregular visitors. The ShikraAccipiter badius is considered as a regular winter migrant or vagrant to Sumatra(van Marle & Voous 1988; Thiollay 1994; MacKinnon et al. 1998; Zalles &Bildstein 2000; Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001), despite a specimen record forMedan on 18 June 1912 (van Marle & Voous 1988), well outside its non-breeding season in southeast Asia, from the end of September to early March(Wells 1999; Higuchi et al. 2005). One of six subspecies, poliopsis is residentfrom northeast India east to southern China and south to southern Thailand andVietnam, and wintering as far south as southern Peninsular Malaysia, Singaporeand Sumatra (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001; Naoroji 2007). This paperprovides the first report of breeding of several pairs of Shikra in Indonesia, aswell as records in May and July, all of which suggests the presence of a smallresident population in northern Sumatra.On 9 January 2008 a pair of Shikras was seen copulating at the rear of theSyiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Sumatra. This pair was seencopulating again on three separate days (26, 28 and 29 January 2008) near thenest tree; at least two of the three copulations occurred in the morning. From 26January to 5 February the pair engaged in active nest building, mostly in theKukila 14 2009 Short Communication 55morning between 07:00 to 09:00 hrs, when they carried Acacia twigs in their legsor bill approximately seven times per hour. Such behaviour is typical amongraptors prior to egg laying (Newton 1979; Naoroji 2007). From 6 to 27 February,incubating behaviour was seen many times, but from 27 February to 7 March, thenest was unattended, and no offspring were produced by the pair. The failure ofthis breeding attempt was apparently caused by human activity around the nesttree. However, an adult Shikra was seen back at the nest location on 7 March2008, when it was seen re-arranging the nest, indicating that re-nesting mighthave taken place subsequently.Five additional pairs of Shikra were found with active or inactive nests, thelatter with either fledged young or juvenile birds nearby, over the following fourmonths; two were in Banda Aceh and three in Aceh Besar (Table 1). All nestsexcept those of Pairs 1 and 2 were located in coconut plantations, mixed withhousing or paddy fields. Except for Pair 2, which built its nest in a Casuarina tree(Plates 1 and 2), all nests were built in coconut trees Cocos nucifera. Nestmaterials included leaves of an Acacia sp (Pair 1), Cocos nucifera (Pair 2) andTable 1. Records of Shikras Accipiter badius nesting in northern Sumatra during 2008 byauthors (except DM and RN).Date of firstencounterPair/No.Location(district)Coordinates Nest site and notes9 January 1 BandaAceh05°34’36”N;95°21’47”EActive nest in clearing at rear ofUniversitas Syiah Kuala campus;unsuccessful (see text for details)25 January 2 BandaAceh05°34’21”N;95°22’07”EActive nest in grove ofCasuarinas beside building(Plates 1 and 2); fate unknown25 March 3 BandaAceh05°33’54”N;95°21’16”ENest in coconut plantation withhousing; two immatures (Plate 3)perched next to nest on 29 May1 April 4 AcehBesar05°35’05”N;95°22’00”EActive nest in a mixture area ofcoconut plantation, coastal pondsand housing; fate unknown10 April 5 AcehBesar05°29’39”N;95°16’03”ENest in mixture of coconutplantations, swamps and paddyfields; on 18 May two of threefledged young were taken (Plate5); see text for details7 May 6 AcehBesar05°23’03”N;95°31’24”ENest in a mixture of coconut andbanana plantations; adult pairattending fledgling (Plate 4)Kukila 14 2009 Short Communication 56Syzygium sp (Pair 3). At least three of the pairs were successful in producing oneto three fledglings (Pairs 3, 5 and 6, Table 1; Plates 3 and 4). However, two ofthe offspring produced by Pair 5 were caught by the owner of the plantation onwhich the pair nested (Plate 5); luckily, the third escaped.Additional records of Shikra during 2008 include solitary birds seen near abus terminal in Medan, North Sumatra, on 5 April (A. Adcock, pers. comm.), andin a coconut plantation (05°37’38” N, 95°23’52” E) in Aceh Besar regency, on19 July (M. Ismail, pers. comm.; Plate 6). In mid January, AN also witnessed asmany as 13 Shikras flying over Aceh Besar during a 35 min period.The Indo-Malayan races of Shikra are known to breed between January andJune (Indian subcontinent), March-August (Sri Lanka) and March-June(Southeast Asia) (Thiollay 1994; Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001). All of thenests we found in Aceh during 2008 were active between January and April. Thisis similar to the breeding season in the Indian sub-continent, where the species isresident. The normal over-wintering period of migratory Chinese Goshawk A.soloensis and Japanese Sparrowhawk A. gularis in Java is September to March(Nijman et al. 2006). As the young from at least two nests in Aceh fledged inMay, and “over-wintering” adult birds were seen as late as mid-July, it is feasiblethat our observations signify a resident population in northern Sumatra..Considering the relatively low survey intensity in Aceh, and the age of the Junerecords (1912), this population may have been overlooked, but it may also referto a recent expansion.The relatively high density of nests in Aceh seems typical of Indo-Malayanraces of the Shikra (Ferguson-Lees & Christie 2001). Given the proclivity of thisspecies for open country, it is likely that its colonisation of the region has beenfacilitated by the rapid rate of deforestation and conversion of forest to oil palmplantations in Sumatra (BirdLife International 2003). Additional observations areneeded to determine the distribution and movements of Shikras in Sumatra. Inview of the capture of young we observed, it would also be useful to conduct apublic awareness campaign to inform people that all birds of prey are protectedunder Indonesian law (see Sukmantoro et al.). Nevertheless such laws aremeaningless unless the people who break them, by capturing and selling wildbirds, are prosecuted.The authors would like to thank Keith L. Bildstein and Robert DeCandido, who gavesuggestions and improvements on preliminary drafts of this paper, and Hawk MountainSanctuary Acopian Center for Conservation Learning, which provided valuablereferences and facilities to finish it. Special thanks go to all of the crew of CicemNanggroe, who provided equipment and support. Our meetings with local people werefacilitated by Rubama and Tisna Nando, who shared their information and knowledge.Thanks also to Andy Adcock, UK, and Mahdi Ismail of FFI-Aceh Program (FFI-AP)who shared their sightings, as well as Hidayat Ashari of LIPI museum. Finally, we aregrateful to Bas van Balen for assistance with the literature and interpretation of ourobservations, and to Vincent Nijman for his comments on an earlier version of thismanuscript.Kukila 14 2009 Short Communication 57ReferencesBirdLife International. 2003. Saving Asia’s Threatened Birds: a Guide for Governmentand Civil Society. Cambridge, U.K., BirdLife InternationalFerguson-Lees, J. & D.A. Christie. 2001. Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, NewYork.Higuchi, H., H. J. Shiu, H. Nakamura, A. Aematsu, K. Kuno, M. Saeki, M. Hotta, K. I.Tokita, E. Moriya, E. Morishita & M. Tamura. 2005. Migrating of Honey-buzzardsPernis apivorus based on satellite tracking. Ornithological Science 4: 109-115.MacKinnon, J., K. Phillips & B. van Balen. 1998. Burung-burung di Sumatera, Jawa,Bali dan Kalimantan. Puslitbang Biologi LIPI and BirdLife International IndonesiaProgramme, Jakarta. [In Indonesian]Naoroji, R. 2007. Birds of Prey of the Indian Subcontinent. Om Books International, NewDelhi. Newton, I. 1979. Population Ecology of Raptors. Buteo Books, SouthDakota, USA.Sukmantoro, W., M. Irham, W. Novarino, F. Hasudungan, N. Kemp & M. Muchtar.2007. Daftar Burung Indonesia (Checklist of Indonesian Birds) No. 2. IndonesianOrnithologists’ Union, Bogor.Thiollay, J-M. 1994. Family Accipitridae (Hawks and Eagles). Pp. 52-205 in del Hoyo,J., A. Elliot & J. Sargatal (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: NewWorld Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.van Marle, J.G. & K.H. Voous. 1988. The Birds of Sumatra: An Annotated Check-list.B.O.U. Check-list No. 10. British Ornithologists’ Union, Tring UK.Wells, D.R. 1999. The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Vol. One: Non-Passerines.Academic Press, London.Zalles, J.I. & K.L. Bildstein. 2005. Old World versus New World long-distance migrationin Accipiters, Buteos, and Falcons. Pp. 154-167 in Greenberg, R. & P. P. Marra(eds.). Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. The JohnHopkins University Press, Maryland.Kukila 14 2009 Short Communication 58----Plate 1. The adult male of Pair 2 at the nest; Plate 2. The habitat around nest tree ofPair 2 (right).Plates 3 and 4. Offspring of Pair 3 (left) and Pair 6 (centre); Plate 5. Two of threeoffspring of Pair 5 taken by local people (right). All photos: Agus Nurza.

First Breeding Records of Shikra Accipiter badius in Indonesia

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First Breeding Records of Shikra Accipiter badius in Indonesia

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