OES. Characteristic moisture content, ash content, electrical conductivity and pH are also performed. The Largest mineral content of honey is K up to 113,74 mg/L followed by Ca, Mg dan Na (mg/L), respectively 80,68; 28,37; 17,1. Some micro mineral found in Terasa’s honey such as; Fe, Se, Ni, V and Co (mg/L), respectively 0,976; 0,078; 0,11; 0,042; dan 0,035. Heavy metal Cd is also present in very small concentrations average 0,005 mg/LKeyword; multifloral honey, mineral content, moisture content, ash content, conductivity, p

Qadar, Syamsul

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1MINERAL CONTENT AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS INTERASA’S FOREST HONEYSyamsul Qadar*, Alfian Noor dan MamingChemistry Departement, Faculty of Matematics and Natural SciencesHasanuddin University, Makassar*Contact : qadar.syamsul@gmail.comABSTRACTWe were found 14 mineral essential and non-essential in Terasa’s forest honey using ICP-OES.Characteristic moisture content, ash content, electrical conductivity and pH are alsoperformed. The Largest mineral content of honey is K up to 113,74 mg/L followed by Ca,Mg dan Na (mg/L), respectively 80,68; 28,37; 17,1. Some micro mineral found in Terasa’shoney such as; Fe, Se, Ni, V and Co (mg/L), respectively 0,976; 0,078; 0,11; 0,042; dan0,035. Heavy metal Cd is also present in very small concentrations average 0,005 mg/LKeyword; multifloral honey, mineral content, moisture content, ash content, conductivity, pH1. INTRODUCTIONThe mineral content of honeydepends on the absorption of minerals fromthe soil and the environment [13]. Terasa’svillage where the land is latosol soil that arefound in tropical rain forests and acidic .Latosol soil generally has a mineral contentof Fe and Al were high [2]. In Indonesia, soillatosol generally derived from the parentrock of volcanic, both tuff and igneousrocks, there from the beach to a height of900m with topography sloping, undulating,vulcanic fan to the mountains premises wetclimate of tropical rainfall 2.500-7.000 mm[3], Spermonde Islands which are part of theSulawesi island is thought to have acorrelation with the geographical conditionsFeels village, so it can indirectly affect theexistence of mineral Terasa Village area .Mineral content in honey is about0,04 to 0,2% depending on whether it is lightor dark colored honey, dark honey containshigher level of mineral [18]. Twenty-sevendifferent mineral elements have beenmeasured in honey produced in 9 differentcountries. So far already been shown that notall honey contains all 27 elements [18]. Thusindirectly show that mineral content inhoney may indicate the botanical origin ofhoney [1].Besides knowledge of the physical andchemical characteristics of honey can becomereference for application of the handling,storage and processing of honey. Variousparameters have been used such as color,conductivity, pH, water content, and mineralanalysis to determine the quality and type ofhoney that is produced [10]. Several studies[1,9,3] explain that the quality of the honeycan be seen from the physical and chemicalparameters of minerals contained therein.Based on the above, we need the basisof data to do research on the characteristics ofphysics - chemical and mineral content (macro and micro ) forest honey Terasa’sVillage West Sinjai district. The study wasconducted by identifying minerals ( macro andmicro ) and heavy metals as well as physic-chemical parameters such as; water content,pH, electrical conductivity and ash content .2. MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1 honey samplesSampling multiflora honey was carriedout in the forest Terasa village, district WestSinjai, Sinjai South Sulawesi. Honey sampleswere taken from at five different points. Allsamples were placed in a container that is freeof contamination.22.2 Analysis of metalHoney sample preparation using wetdigestion procedure which weighed 1 g ofhoney sample and put into a beaker, add 2mL of 0.1 M HNO3 and the mixture wasstirred on a heating plate to almost completedryness. Then added with 10 mL of 0.1 MHNO3 and stirred. Then placed in a 25 mLflask with the addition of distilled water.Mineral testing was done using ICP OESbrand Perkin Elmer 8000 type optima.2.3 Water ContentDetermination of moisture contentusing the ICH [6] with interpretationdetermined based on the value of refractiveindex samples on temperature 20 oC usingAtago refractometer.2.4 Ash contentDetermination of ash content usedAOAC method: Ashes were obtained byashing in a furnace at 550 oC for 5 hours toobtain constant weight.2.5 Electrical conductivity and pHThese variables were determinedusing IHC method where 10 g of honey weredissolved in 75 mL of distilled water. 3.1Determination of Water Content3. RESULTResults of the analysis of watercontent Terasa honey can be seen in Table 1.Almost all the samples of honey has awater content above the standard value SNI2013 and IHC (maximum 21%) is between21.0 to 28.3 % except the honey samplesEM1 which has a water content themaximum limit is 21.0 %. Honey CD2 hasthe highest water content is 28.3 % and thelowest levels in honey EM1 is 21.0 % .Differences in honey water contentrelated to climatic conditions and the level ofmaturity of honey. The water content of honeyis usually dependent on the origin of honeynectar and water content of the nectar sourceplants [11]. The water content plays animportant role in the storage of honey. If themoisture content exceeds 22% , the possibilityof having fermented honey [11].In comparison with the previousresearch literature gives values lower watercontent than Terasa’s honey (see Table 1) isthe Turkey’s Honey [11] that the averagevalue of 16.66 % ; honey from Nigeria [12]with an average water content of 16.66 %;honey from Argentina [7] with an averagevalue of 16.24 %; while honey from Malaysia[13] gives the value of the higher watercontent have a range of values that are similarto Terasa honey an average of 20.62 % .Similarities between the characteristics of thewater content of Terasa’s honey and honeyfrom Malaysia this could be caused becauseboth are in the tropics3.2. Determination of pH, ash content andElectrical ConductivityData analysis Terasa’s honey pHlisted in Table 1. The pH value of Terasahoney still meet the quality standards of honeyby IHC (4.72 - 5.2). As a comparison value isthe pH value of honey from Nigeria [12]which has a pH range which is almost thesame average pH of 4.7 and also honeyArgentina [7] an average of 3.85. While on theother literature data on honey from Malaysia[8] has a lower pH range average of 3.38. PHis a useful parameter to determine thepossibility of microbial contamination and3affect the storage, texture, stability and ashelf life of honey. Most bacteria and fungigrow in an environment that is neutral andslightly alkaline, while the yeast was able togrow in an acid environment of pH = 4.0 to4.5 and will not grow in alkaline media [11].Results of this analysis showed that the pHvalues of honey Feels necessary handlingtechniques to prevent the growth of moldand honey Feels pH is at optimal growthrange.The average value of the ashcontent of honey for each sample variesbetween 0.477 to 0.987 % , and an averageof 0.592 % (Table 1) . Honey EM1 , EM2and EM3 , the ash content is still within therange specified IHC is < 0.5 % and SNI2013 is 0.57% except for samples of honeyCD1 and CD2 are 0.987 % and 0.526 % ofash content value has exceeded the thresholdas specified IHC, whereas if based on theSNI 2013 only CD1 honey that passes thethreshold. Lower value of ash content basedon the literature reported from Turkey honeywith an average value of 0.20 % [11]; ashcontent of Nigerian honey with an averagevalue of 0.63 % [12] ; ash content of honeyfrom Argentina [7] with an average of 0:11%Electrical Conductivity/EC (mS /cm) Terasa honey ranged from 0.490 to0.632 with an average value of 0.567 mS /cm (Table 1). The average value obtainedfor Terasa honey still below from themaximum limit indicated by IHC and theEuropean Union to standard flower honey /nectar (0.8 mS / cm).Higher values obtained data fromMalaysia honey [16] gives the average valueof electrical conductivity - 1:47 average mS /cm . While the lower value is found inEstonia honey [15] with an average value of0.2 mS / cm . EC value depends on ashcontent and acidity in honey that is wherethe higher the content, the higher its EC[16].Correlated significantly to themineral content of honey is often used tocharacterize the botanical origin of honey[5]. EC honey is closely related to theconcentration of mineral salts, organic acidsand proteins. This parameter shows the greatvariability according to the origin of flowers,and it is important for the differentiation of theorigin of honey different interest [11].Therefore, EC is often used in the handlingqualities of honey [11].3.3. Mineral ContentThere are 14 types of minerals foundin honey of five sample with a concentrationin mg / L, as shown in Table 2. Some honeymineral found in very small quantities whileothers are not detected. Total average mineralcontent of each of honey is determined byadding all the minerals identified in honey.4. DISCUSSION4.1 . Water contentFactors that contribute to the highwater content of Terasa honey is caused byamong sampling conducted in December 2014- February 2015 which is the peak of the rainyseason. Honey with nature hygroscopic easilyabsorb water and humidity of the surroundingair. This is consistent with the statement fromBogdanov (1999 ) , which states that the honeysamples from the country - tropical countriesgenerally have a higher water content . Thewater content of the samples of honey whichenables high due to the high volume of annualrainfall in tropical regions and also theimmaturity of honey itself , specifically forhoney CD1 also has a high water content dueto the time sampling is the peak of the rainyseason in the Terasa village so also allowsaffecting high water content in the honeysamples . While on the other honey sampleswere taken at the beginning and end of therainy season .4.2. pH, ash content and ElectricalConductivityThe ash content is a quality criteriaare used to determine the botanical andgeographical source of honey samples [11].The difference value ash content in honey canbe caused by the process of harvesting,beekeeping techniques and materials to collecthoney, nectar sources besides differences canalso affect the ash content of honey [11]. Thehigh content of minerals contained in honeyCD1 be the cause of the high ash content in4the sample. In addition Terasa honeyharvesting techniques are still usingtraditional squeeze technique that allowshoney mixed with pollen.EC correlated significantly to themineral and mineral content of honey isoften used to characterize the botanicalorigin of honey [15]. EC from honey isclosely related to the concentration ofmineral salts, organic acids and proteins.This parameter shows the great variabilityaccording to the origin of flowers, and it isimportant for the differentiation of the originof honey different interest [11]. Therefore,EC is often used in the handling qualities ofhoney [11].4.3. MineralThe mineral content of honey ismade up of essential macro minerals,essential micro and trace elements. Macrominerals, among others, Ca, K, Na, Mg.Potassium is a mineral that most around113.7420 mg / L followed by Ca, Mg and Naeach 16.1360 mg / L, 5.6730 mg / L and3.4028 mg / L. In general macro-mineralcontent of honey was still lower than thehoney from other countries, including NewZealand honey [18] found some macromineral with an average concentration (inppm) respectively K (1053.2); Mg (24.75);Ca (50.92) and Na (23.93). Furthermore,honey from Argentina [9] with the mineralcontent of K 816.2 ug / g, Na 33.19 ug / gand Mg 22.64. The mineral content in honeyMalaysia [16] with K, Ca, Mg and Na is thelargest element in the amount of respectively1349.34; 183.67; 64.46; and 236.8 mg / kg.The mineral content of honey is also stillrelies Noticeably lower than reported in othercountries [11,5,4].Some micro minerals found inTerasa honey like Fe, Mn, Se, Co, and Ni. Iron(Fe) is a macro minerals in the Earth's crust,but in biological systems of the body is amicro minerals. Fe concentrations in Terasahoney 0.9756 mg / L, Mn 0.2748 mg / L, Se0.0778 mg / L, Co 0.0348 mg / L and Ni0.0106 mg / L (Table 2). Heavy metalcadmium (Cd) 0.0050 mg / L, also found inTerasa honey but in very small concentrations.Some minerals and trace elements thatare essential to the human body. Calcium (Ca)is a major component of bone, which isessential for normal functioning of the heartmuscle, blood clotting, milk clotting andregulation of cell permeability. Magnesium(Mg) set up a simulation of nerve, musclecontraction and maintain osmotic balance.Potassium (K) is an important part of the ionbalance of the human body and maintain tissuestimulation. Zn and Fe components arecontained in a metal enzyme, plays animportant role in promoting the metabolism ofthe organism, strengthen the immune systemand prevent disease [17] .Copper is an important compound butalso toxic to many biological systems , isessential for energy production in cells, is alsoinvolved in nerve conduction, connectivetissue, the cardiovascular system and theimmune system [ 19 ].5. ConclusionFourteen minerals were found in foresthoney Terasa village. Potassium is the mostabundant mineral with a percentage of 72.63%5of the total mineral content of the honeysample and also meet the standards of HoneySNI 2013 because not found heavy metalsPb and As, and Cd metal concentrations arevery low. In general, results physico-chemical parameters of honey quality villagestill good, just needs to be a water content inorder to meet the standards SNI of honey2013BIBLIOGRAPHY[1] Gonzalez. M. L., Terrab. A., Hernanz.D., Fernandez. M. A., Hereida. J. F.,2005. Multivariant CorrelationBetween Color and MineralComposition of Honey and by TheirBotanical Origin. J Agric. and FoodChem, 53; 2574-2580.[2] Anwar, A., 2012. Pemetaan DaerahRawan Longsor di Lahan PertanianKecamatan Sinjai Barat KabupatenSinjai. Skripsi. Fakultas PertanianUniversitas Hasanuddin.[2][3] Vanhanen L. P., Emmertz. A.,Geoffrey P. S., 2011. Mineral Analysisof Monofloral New Zealand Honey.Food Chem. 128 : 236-240.[4] Alqarni, A. S., Ayman A. Oways.,Awad A. Mahmoud., Mohammed A.Hannan., 2012. Mineral Content andPhysical Properties of Local andImported Honeys in Saudi Arabia. J.Saudi Chem Society.[5] Conti. M. E., Stripeikis. J.,Campanella. L., Cucina. D., Tudino.M. B., 2007. 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