The effects of dietary supplementation with phytogenic feed additives (PFA) and enzyme (E) on performance parameters were investigated using Ross 308 as hatched broilers fed standard diets or diets with reduced energy concentrations. Birds were assigned to 5 treatments with 5 replications each and fed either a standard basal diet or a re-formulated basal diet with reduced energy concentrations. Reduction was made according to enzyme matrix (Ronozyme WX, DSM). Treatments were: (1) Standard diet; (2) Negative control (NC) – 4% reduction in ME (3) NC + E; (4) NC + PFA (5) NC + E + PFA. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Mortality was recorded on daily basis. Foot pad lesions were scored at day 35 using scale from 0 (no lesion) to 2 (lesion extending through skin). The results showed that birds fed Negative control diets had a significantly lower body weights (P0.05). Mortality and FCR did not differ significantly between treatments. Average foot pad lesion score was the highest in Negative control (1.05) and the lowest in NC+E (0.55). 
In conclusion, re-formulation of diets for 4% energy reduction decreased broiler growth rate. Supplementation of diets with PFA improved live weight especially in combination with enzyme, hence confirming a growth-promoting effect of both phytogenics and enzymes in broilers

Bjedov, S

Djukic-Stojcic, M

Milosevic, N

Peric, L

Steiner, T

English

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243Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science 2014, September 2014, Belgrade-ZemunOriginal paperEFFECTS OF PHYTOGENIC FEED ADDITIVE AND ENZYME ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED DIETS WITH REDUCED ENERGY CONCENTRATIONS  Peri  L.*1, Steiner T.2, uki -Stoj i  M.1, Bjedov S.1, Miloševi  N.1  1University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 2BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Industriestrasse 21, 3130 Herzogenburg, Austria *Corresponding author: lidija.peric@stocarstvo.edu.rs   Abstract The effects of dietary supplementation with phytogenic feed additives (PFA) and enzyme (E) on performance parameters were investigated using Ross 308 as hatched broilers fed standard diets or diets with reduced energy concentrations. Birds were assigned to 5 treatments with 5 replications each and fed either a standard basal diet or a re-formulated basal diet with reduced energy concentrations. Reduction was made according to enzyme matrix (Ronozyme WX, DSM). Treatments were: (1) Standard diet; (2) Negative control (NC) – 4% reduction in ME (3) NC + E; (4) NC + PFA (5) NC + E + PFA. Body weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Mortality was recorded on daily basis. Foot pad lesions were scored at day 35 using scale from 0 (no lesion) to 2 (lesion extending through skin). The results showed that birds fed Negative control diets had a significantly lower body weights (P<0.05) compared to Positive control, Negative control + E and Negative control + E + PFA. Birds fed with Negative control + PFA had higher body weights compared to Negative control (+ 83 g on day 42), but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Mortality and FCR did not differ significantly between treatments. Average foot pad lesion score was the highest in Negative control (1.05) and the lowest in NC+E (0.55).  In conclusion, re-formulation of diets for 4% energy reduction decreased broiler growth rate. Supplementation of diets with PFA improved live weight especially in combination with enzyme, hence confirming a growth-promoting effect of both phytogenics and enzymes in broilers. Key words: broilers, enzymes, performance, phytogenic feed additives  Introduction Use of antibiotics as growth promoters is no longer acceptable in EU and many other countries. Because of that it is necessary to offer other feed additives as an alternative such as enzymes or phytogenic feed additives which can have a beneficial effect on broiler performance even when added in feed with lower nutrient density. Studies reporting the positive effect of enzymes added to feed with lower energy content are very extensive and numerous authors have established that by application of enzymes production performances can be improved up to 10% (Acamovic, 2001; Cowieson and Ravindran Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science 2014, September 2014, Belgrade-Zemun2442008; Montahini et al., 2012). Also in recent years there has been growing interest in plant-derived substances as ingredients or supplements in broiler production. Essential oils contain a number of antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidative compounds predominantly belonging to the groups of phenols, terpenes or aldehydes. An increasing number of scientific reports is available pertaining to the efficacy of essential oils in broiler production (Windisch et al., 2008; Peri  et al., 2009; Wallace et al., 2010). It was hypothesized that, due to a nutrient-sparing effect, dietary supplementation with essential oils might compensate for a reduction in nutrient density in terms of growth performance in broilers.  The objective of this study was to determine the effects of phytogenic feed additives and enzymes on growth performance of broilers fed standard diets or diets with reduced energy concentration.  Materials and methods The trial was carried out on 1050 Ross 308 broilers which were distributed in  6 groups with 5 replicates. Each replicate consisted of the floor pen with 35 birds per pen. Feed and water supply were ad libitum and birds were fed with Starter, Grower and Finisher diets (Table 1). The Positive Control diet was formulated to meet the actual breed standard. The Negative Control diets were formulated according to enzyme matrix. Used enzyme (Ronozyme WX, DSM) was added at level of 200 mg/kg and the phytogenic additive (Digestarom® Poultry) was added at level of 150 mg/kg. Feed was in the mash form for all groups.  Table 1. Feed composition Parmeters Positive control Negative control Days 1-14 15-28 29-42 1-14 15-28 29-42Ingredients,% Starter Grower Finisher Starter Grower FinisherCorn 37.75 37.61 35.57 46.51 42.82 43.81 Wheat 15 20 25 15 20 25Wheat middlings 6 2.42 5.17 0 0 0 Soybean meal  (47% CP) 18.14 17.58 11.83 29.45 26.32 23.25 Full fat soya 18.26 16.91 16.72 4.05 5.29 2.1 Soybean oil 0 1.5 2 0 1.5 2 Threonine L – 98 0.13 0.05 0.04 0.17 0.09 0.08 Lysine 0.27 0.1 0.07 0.33 0.15 0.14Methionine DL-99 0.12 0.02 0 0.12 0.02 0 Monocalcium phosphate 1.14 0.91 0.75 1.13 0.88 0.73 Limestone 1.61 1.33 1.29 1.64 1.36 1.32 Sodium bicarbonate 0.19 0.12 0.1 0.24 0.15 0.15 Salt 0.2 0.25 0.26 0.16 0.22 0.22 CAPTEX 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 PREMIX 1 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 The chemical composition of mixtures  Crude protein, % 22.00 21.00 19.00 21.85 20.85 18.83 ME, MJ/kg 12.65 13.20 13.40 12.14 12.69 12.84 245Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science 2014, September 2014, Belgrade-ZemunCa, % 1.05 0.90 0.85 1.05 0.90 0.85 P (total), % 0.82 0.75 0.71 0.78 0.72 0.67  P (available), % 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.50 0.45 0.42 Lysine, % 1.43 1.24 1.09 1.42 1.24 1.09 Methionine, % 0.72 0.61 0.57 0.72 0.61 0.56 Methionine + cystine, % 1.07 0.95 0.89 1.06 0.95 0.88  Average body weights per pen were measured weekly. Average daily feed intake per pen was recorded for the feeding periods (1-14 days (starter), 15-28 days (grower) and 29-42 days (finisher)) and for the whole period (1-42 days). Average feed intake and average body weight per pen are used to calculate the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Mortality was recorded daily during inspection. Birds that died were noted and their bodyweight was used to adjust the FCR accordingly. Foot pad lesions were recorded at 35 days of age using 4 birds/pen with a 0–2 scoring as: 0 – No lesions 1 – Small lesions affecting skin, no ulcers      2 – Lesions extending through the skin Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan's post hoc test using StatSoft software (STATISTICA 12).The level of significance to indicate differences stated in the ANOVA model are P<0.05   Results and discussion Results of the average body weights of birds per weeks and per treatments are shown in Table 2.   Table 2.  Average body weight of birds, g Days T r e a t m e n t s  Positive control Negative control - ENZYME PFA E + PFA 7 169.5a 156.9b 167.9ab 164.3ab 170.1a14 437.3a 382.9b 428.2a 422.8ab 418.3ab28 1158ab 1105b 1187ab 1157ab 1193a35 1642ab 1543b 1671a 1597ab 1645ab42 2143a 2008b 2135a 2091ab 2187aa-c Values between row with no common superscript are significantly different (P<0.05)  Average body weights of birds fed Negative control (NC) diets were lower compared to Positive control (PC) and other experimental groups from the beginning of the trial. At the end of the trial (42 days) the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) compared to PC, NC+ E and NC+ E + PFA. Birds fed with NC+ PFA had higher body weights compared to NC (+ 83 g on day 42), but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). It is obvious that energy reduction in Negative control group resulted in decreased body weights but the addition of enzyme either individually or in combination with PFA significantly improved final body weight. Addition of PFA without enzyme tended to Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science 2014, September 2014, Belgrade-Zemun246improve body weight of birds fed diets with insufficient energy content, but in slightly lower extent compared to combination with enzymes. Positive effect of enzymes added to feed with lower energy content is reported in many studies (Acamovic, 2001; Montahini et al. 2012; Zou et al., 2013). In the research reported by Cowieson and Ravindran (2008) it is stated that supplementation of both the standard and energy reduced diets with the enzyme improved weight gain and feed efficiency compared with the non-supplemented diets. However, some authors did not report a positive effect of enzymes on body weight of broilers when added into low feed with lower energy content (Iji et al., 2003, Zu et al., 2013). Studies examining the nutrient sparing effect of essential oils are also diverse. Peri  et al. (2010) reported that supplementation of the standard diets with essential oils significantly increased (P<0.05) body weight of broilers at 42 days of age. Similar results were found by Windisch et al. (2008), Cross et al. (2008) and Bozkurt et al. (2012) who reported improved weight gain of broilers fed diets supplemented with essential oils. On the contrary, Buchanan et al. (2008) reported no improvement in final body weight by using a mixture of essential oils.  It has been suggested by many authors (Acamovic, 2001; Cross et al., 2007; Peri  et al., 2009) that the results of the trials depend on the differences in the feed composition, level of energy or protein reduction, type and level of used enzyme or phytogenic additive, as well as environmental and management conditions. Table 3.  Average daily feed consumption, g Period, days T r e a t m e n t s Positive control Negative control  - ENZYME PFA E + PFA 1-14 39.04 38.62 39.67 39.17 38.87 15-28 97.76 95.83 102.11 97.07 101.15 29-42 168.72a 146.93c 154.66bc 155.98bc 164.37abTotal, 1-42 100.85a 93.89b 98.82a 97.24ab 101.28a Feeding treatments significantly affected feed consumption. Birds from Negative control group consumed significantly (P<0.05) less feed compared to the others, except for the group NC+PFA. However, lower feed consumption had no significant effect on the feed conversion ratio (table 4). The same effect was established in the work of Peri  et al. (2011) but Buchanan et al. (2008) reported a reduction in FCR (1.81 vs. 1.84) when a diet with standard nutrient concentration was supplemented with a mixture of essential oils.  Table 4. Feed conversion ratio Period, days T r e a t m e n t s  Positive control Negative control  - ENZYME PFA E + PFA 1-14 1.251a 1.413c 1.296b 1.297b 1.301b 15-28 1.899 1.858 1.884 1.851 1.828 29-42 2.398 2.278 2.290 2.338 2.315 Total, 1-42 1.978 1.965 1.947 1.952 1.945 247Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science 2014, September 2014, Belgrade-ZemunMortality rate did not differ significantly between treatments and for all groups it was lower than 5%.  Table 5. Mortality rate Mortality T r e a t m e n t s  Positive control Negative control  - ENZYME PFA ENZ + PFA No. of birds 6 4 8 5 7 % 3.43 2.29 4.57 2.86 4.00 Average foot pad lesion score was the highest in NC (1.05) and the lowest in NC+E (0.55). That could indicate that addition of enzymes has a positive effect on digesta viscosity and litter condition (Garcia et al., 2008). It is interesting that foot pad lesion score was lower in NC+PFA group compared to NC+E+PFA but the difference was not statistically significant.   Table 6. Foot pad lesions Treatments No. of birds No. of birds with lesions % of birds with lesions Average score 0 1 2 0 1 2 Positive control 20 5 13 2 25 65 10 0.85 Negative control (NC) 20 3 13 4 15 65 20 1.05 NC+ Enzyme 20 9 11 0 45 55 0 0.55NC +PFA 20 5 11 4 25 55 20 0.95 NC+ Enz+PFA 20 3 13 4 15 65 20 1.05  Conclusion In conclusion, re-formulation of diets for 4% energy reduction decreased broiler growth rate. Supplementation of diets with PFA improved live weight especially in combination with enzyme, hence confirming a growth-promoting effect of both phytogenics and enzymes in broilers. Acknowledgements This work has been partially funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Development Republic of Serbia as a part of the Project No. TR 31033.  References 1. Acamovic T  2001. Enzymes for poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal 57, 225-242. 2. Bozkurt M, Küçüky lmaz K, Çatl  AU, Ç nar M, Çabuk M and Alçiçek A 2012. Effects of administering an essential oil mixture and an organic acid blend separately and combined to diets on broiler performance. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 76, 81-87. 3. Buchanan NP, Hott JM, Cutlip SE, Rack AL, Asamer A and Moritz JS 2008. The effects of a natural antibiotic alternative and a natural growth promoter feed additive on broiler performance and carcass quality. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17, 202–210. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science 2014, September 2014, Belgrade-Zemun2484. Cowieson AJ and Ravindran V 2008. 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Intestinal function and body growth of broiler chickens on diets based on maize at different temperatures and supplemented with a microbial enzyme. Reproduction Nutrition Development 43, 77-90. 9. Jamroz D, Wiliczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Orda J and  Sukorupinska J 2005. Use of active substances of plant origin in chicken diets based on maize and locally grown cereals. British Poultry Science  46, 485-493. 10.Montanhini RN, Ceccantini ML and Fernandes JIM 2012. Productive performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield of broilers fed conventional and alternative diets containing commercial enzymatic complex. International Journal of Poultry Science 11, 505-516. 11.Peri  L, Žiki  D and Luki  M 2009. Application of alternative growth promoters in broiler production. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 25, 387-397.  12.Peri  L, Miloševi  N, Žiki  D, Bjedov S, Cvetkovi  D, Markov S, Mohnl M and Steiner T 2010. 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Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additive and Enzyme on Growth Performance of Broilers Fed Diets with Reduced Energy Concentrations

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Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additive and Enzyme on Growth Performance of Broilers Fed Diets with Reduced Energy Concentrations

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