Front matter for Literatures of Liberalization: Global Circulation and the Long Nineteenth Centur

Regenia Gagnier

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Series EditorsUpamanyu Pablo Mukherjee  University of Warwick  Coventry, UKNeil Lazarus  University of Warwick  Coventry, UKNew Comparisons in World LiteratureNew Comparisons in World Literature offers a fresh perspective on one of the most exciting current debates in humanities by approach-ing ‘world literature’ not in terms of particular kinds of reading but as a particular kind of writing. We take ‘world literature’ to be that body of writing that registers in various ways, at the levels of form and con-tent, the historical experience of capitalist modernity. We aim to publish works that take up the challenge of understanding how literature regis-ters both the global extension of ‘modern’ social forms and relations and the peculiar new modes of existence and experience that are engendered as a result. Our particular interest lies in studies that analyse the registra-tion of this decisive historical process in literary consciousness and affect.Editorial BoardDr. Nicholas Brown, University of Illinois, USADr. Bo G. Ekelund, University of Stockholm, SwedenDr. Dorota Kolodziejczyk, Wroclaw University, PolandProfessor Paulo de Medeiros, University of Warwick, UKDr. Robert Spencer, University of Manchester, UKProfessor Imre Szeman, University of Alberta, CanadaProfessor Peter Hitchcock, Baruch College, USADr. Ericka Beckman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USADr. Sarah Brouillette, Carleton University, CanadaProfessor Supriya Chaudhury, Jadavpur University, IndiaProfessor Stephen Shapiro, University of Warwick, UKMore information about this series at  http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15067Regenia GagnierLiteratures  of LiberalizationGlobal Circulation and the Long Nineteenth CenturyRegenia GagnierCollege of HumanitiesUniversity of ExeterExeter, UKNew Comparisons in World LiteratureISBN 978-3-319-98418-6  ISBN 978-3-319-98419-3 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98419-3Library of Congress Control Number: 2018951571© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Cover image: Courtesy of Subodh Gupta and Hauser & Wirth. Photograph by Sambudha Sen, Delhi. “Dada”, 2010–2014, Stainless steel, 680 × 930 × 930 cm.This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, SwitzerlandvAcknowledgementsTo study literatures in which global processes criss-cross distinct environ-ments requires (1) translators and transculturalists who know diverse literary histories and history of genres, and (2) the disciplines relating to environ-ments of nature (natural sciences), culture (the humanities), and technol-ogy (social sciences, engineering, and medicine). Since 2009, as Editor of the Global Circulation Project http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/jour-nal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741-4113/homepage/global_circulation_project.htm and since 2016 as Co-Editor with Laura Doyle of UMass, Amherst, I have had the benefit of collaboration with many multilingual specialists in, for example, the PRC, India, Russia, Turkey, North America, Australasia, and Europe. I acknowledge all of these in the notes but here I especially want to thank Professors Pradip Datta, Sambudha Sen, and Sumanyu Satpathy in Delhi; Lu Jiande and Luo Xuanmin in Beijing; Boris Proskurnin in Perm; Yunus Balci in Denizli; Chana Kronfeld in Berkeley; Wendy Singer in Gambier; Jock Macleod in Brisbane; Grace Moore in Melbourne. This book shows the brutality and barbarism of so much of what we call globali-zation, or international trade under neoliberal ideology, but globalization has also produced some good, notably international scholarly collaboration. When I began my academic career in the 1980s, an American academic might have travelled from the West Coast to the East Coast of the USA. Now, with the blessings of our Deans and Vice-Chancellors, it is normal for British academics to travel to Delhi, Shanghai, and Mexico City.I have also had the benefit of collaboration with colleagues at Exeter in English, Modern Languages, Translation Studies, the Centre for Imperial vi   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSand Global History, Global China and the Sino-European Political Languages Group, and the South Asia Studies Centre, with a full range of expertise in the long nineteenth century’s sciences, cultures, and technolo-gies. I would especially like to thank Ting Guo with whom I have worked on Chinese, Japanese, and Korean literatures since 2009, Dario Castiglione in Politics, Asma Char for help with Arabic, Ayesha Mukherjee for help with Hindi, Susan Hayward for years of conversation on Francophone cultures, and Exeter’s Centre for Victorian Studies, especially Paul Young, John Plunkett, Corinna Wagner, Tricia Zakreski, Kate Hext, Angelique Richardson, Simon Rennie. I am convinced that the future is in translation and collaboration.Since 2006, I have also been a Senior Research Fellow at an inter-disciplinary research center, Egenis, the Centre for the Study of Life Sciences http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/sociology/research/sts/ege-nis/. Egenis (est. 2002) roughly coincided with the first mapping of a human genome in 2003, and it specializes in the social implications of the life sciences. We have developed a symbiological, processual approach to specific environments at moments of change and transformation. A crucial concept for analyzing the intersection of the local and the global is that of the developmental niche, from niche-construction in biology, which we have adapted for specific niches of nature, culture, and tech-nology. This has evolved with the studies here of modern geopolitical commodities within total environments, following on magisterial studies by Fernando Ortiz and Sidney Mintz on tobacco and sugar, Redcliffe Salaman on the potato (on which the work of distinguished Victorianists has been based), Francesca Bray and Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney on rice (see Chapters 7 and 8 for bibliography). Their works have served as models for me in analyzing the material niches of modern commodity circulation (i.e., globalization) and its impact on diverse cultures. This book is dedi-cated to the Director of Egenis, the philosopher John Dupré, and to our sons the philosopher Gabriel and chef Julian Gagnier Dupré.Ultimately, though, it all goes back to Friedrich Engels’s Dialectics of Nature (1872–1882). The Marxist biologist Richard Lewontin rec-ommended it to me over 30 years ago, and it’s been on my mind ever since. These two optics of global literary circulation and specific niche- construction of nature, culture, and technology underpin the book.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   viiAcknowledgements 2 I am grateful to a British Academy Research Development Award (2009) for initial funding of the Global Circulation Project, which gave me the confidence to pursue the project on a large scale, and to a Macgeorge Fellowship at the University of Melbourne (2012), which gave me time to plan its initial stages. After that, my editors at Palgrave have each been exemplary in their roles from submission through production, and I want to thank Neil Lazarus, Pablo Mukherjee, Tomas Rene, Vicky Bates, Balaji Varadharaju, Hemapriya Eswanth. Elements of the follow-ing papers have been reconsidered and revised in writing this book. I am grateful for their publishers’ permissions to develop them here.Chapter 1: “Introduction: Victorian Studies, World Literatures, and Globalisation” Critical Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 1 Special Issue on The State, or Statelessness, of Victorian Studies, Guest Editor Regenia Gagnier: 1–8, 2013; Regenia Gagnier, “Global Circulation” Journal of Victorian Literature and Culture 46:3–4 (Fall/Winter 2018):719–23 publisher Cambridge University Press; and Regenia Gagnier, “Global Studies” The Encyclopedia of Victorian Literature, Edited by Dino Franco Felluga, Pamela K. Gilbert & Linda K. Hughes. 4 volumes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 2015: 649–660.I also gratefully acknowledge the following contributors to the Global Studies entry and their areas of expertise: Sara Thornton (Université Paris-Diderot, France); Mariaconcetta Costantini (Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio,” Italy); Kirby-Jane Hallum (University of Otago, Australasia and the Pacific); Arlene Young (University of Manitoba, Canada); Paula Guimarães (University of Minho, Braga, Portugal); Graham Law, with Rieko Suzuki & Toshiyuki Takamiya (Waseda University, Japan); Meili Dang and Saiping He (Shanghai Sanda University, China, fiction); Yin Miao (Shanghai Sanda University, China, poetry); Ngozi Chuma-Udeh (Anambra State University, Nigeria).Chapter 2: “Global Circulation and Some Problems in Liberalism, Liberalization, and Neoliberalism,” Occasion: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities Ed. David Palumbo-Liu Special Issue on Liberalism, Literature, and the Emotions in the Long Nineteenth Century Volume 11 (January 31, 2018) Guest Eds. Jock Macleod and Peter Denney http://occasion.stanford.edu; Regenia Gagnier, “The Global Circulation of Victorian Actants and Ideas: Liberalism and Liberalisation in the Niche of Nature, Culture, and Technology,” in Interventions: Rethinking the viii   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSNineteenth Century, Eds. Andrew Smith and Anna Barton (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017): 91–110.Chapter 3: Regenia Gagnier, “A Literary Anthropology of Freedom and Choice,” Nineteenth-Century Contexts 31: 4 (Dec. 2009): 373–386. Publishers Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.Chapter 4: Regenia Gagnier, “Conclusion: Gender, Liberalism, and Resentment,” The Politics of Gender in Anthony Trollope’s Novels: New Readings for the Twenty-First Century, Eds. Margaret Markwick, Deborah Denenholz Morse, and Regenia Gagnier, Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate: 2009. Part 2, “Trollope outside Britain,” draws on the 17–19 September 2015 Trollope Bicentennial Conference at the Irish College, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, Panel 15: Global Trollope Chair: Regenia Gagnier (University of Exeter): Lydia Wevers (Victoria Wellington University), “Reading Trollope in New Zealand”; Xiaolan Zuo (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), “Trollope in China”; and Boris Proskurnin (Perm State University), “Trollope and Russia.” I am grate-ful to the hosts of the conference the Paul Druwe Fund, Prof. Ortwin de Graef, Dr. Frederik van Dam, and to Professors Wevers, Zuo, and Proskurnin for allowing me to cite their research in this chapter.Chapter 5: Regenia Gagnier, “The Global Circulation of Charles Dickens’s Novels,” The Global Circulation Project of Literature Compass 10/1 (2013): 82–95, 10.1111/lic3.12021. Web; R. Gagnier, “Dickens’s Global Circulation” V: 48 (2018) pp. 722–737 in The Oxford Handbook to Charles Dickens Eds. Robert L. Patten, John O. Jordan and Catherine Waters.Chapter 6: Regenia Gagnier, “The Global Circulation of the Literatures of Decadence,” Global Circulation Project of Literature Compass (24 Jan 2013); “Global Literatures of Decadence” in The Fin-De-Siecle World, Michael Saler, ed. (London: Routledge, 2015): 11–28; “The Decadence of the West in Huysmans and Houellebecq: Decadence in the Longue Durée” English Literature in Transition 1880–1920 (2017) 60: 4, pp. 419–430. I am grateful to Editor Robert Langenfeld for permission.Chapter 7: Regenia Gagnier, “Freedom, Determinism, and Hope in Little Dorrit: A Literary Anthropology,” Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas 9: 2 (June 2011): 331–346. I am grateful to Editor Leona Toker for permission.Chapter 8: Regenia Gagnier, “A Symbiological Approach to Sex, Gender, and Desire in the Anthropocene,” (2017) Angelaki: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   ixJournal of Theoretical Humanities, 22: 1, 11–21, DOI: 2 10.1080/0969725X.2017.1285601 Publishers Taylor and Francis and collected in Women Writing Across Cultures, Ed. Pelagia Goulimari (London: Routledge 2017). I am grateful to Dr. Jos Smith, formerly British Academy Postdoctoral Research Fellow, and Exeter’s ECLIPSE Environmental Humanities Group, for comments on a draft of the orig-inal essay.The image of the banyan tree “Dada” on the cover is Courtesy of Subodh Gupta and Hauser & Wirth. I am grateful for the photograph by Sambudha Sen, Delhi.Full caption: Subodh GuptaDada2010–2014Stainless steel680 × 930 × 930 cm / 267 ¾ × 366 ⅛ × 366 ⅛ inchesVariable dimensionsDevon 2018 Regenia GagnierxiPrAise for Literatures of LiberaLization“Regenia Gagnier’s Literatures of Liberalization advances a compelling new method for global literary studies, tracking processes of ‘transcultur-ation’ in the movement of literatures and ideas across geographical and historical contexts. A major contribution to our understanding of the long nineteenth century as well as to the literary history of liberalism and neoliberalism.”—Amanda Anderson, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of Humanities and English, Brown University, USA“Literatures of Liberalization is a remarkable piece of research, long in the thinking, reading and making. Regenia Gagnier’s career interests in economics, nineteenth-century literatures and the politics of liberal subjectivity, as well as her deep commitment to scholarly collaboration across borders of all kinds (linguistic, geopolitical, disciplinary), is the perfect grounding for this powerful re-think of the global circulation of Victorian writing. Here, in a major methodological reconfiguration, Victorian literature itself becomes a complex and powerful actant in the cultural co-creation of our globalised modernity.”—David Amigoni, Professor of Victorian Literature and Pro Vice-Chancellor, Keele University, UK“This stunning transnational study, attentive to the interaction and interdependence of world movements, sweeps from 19thC global lib-eralisms to the re-mediation of modernisms in different world cultures. xii   PRAISE FOR LITERATURES OF LIBERALIZATIONFrom the circulation of crucial commodities to desire and sexuality, Gagnier shows how the symbiology of the anthropocene affects the most intimate aspects of our lives. Dickens, Trollope, Dostoevsky, Herder, D. H. Lawrence, Huysmans, Su Tong, Knut Hamsun, Gabriel García Márquez, Jiang Rong, are among the writers dazzlingly re-read.”—Isobel Armstrong FBA, Emeritus Professor of English (Geoffrey Tillotson Chair), Birkbeck, University of London, UK“At once an irreplaceable guide to Victorian writing’s global transits and a meditation on liberal thinking and feeling, Gagnier’s book illuminates a rich and complex future for the study of nineteenth-century literature. Ardent, provocative, and intellectually generous, it confirms the value of attending to texts’ transculturations—not only how they change when translated but also how they adapt to new cultural environments and alter those environments in turn.”—Douglas Mao, Johns Hopkins University, USAxiiicontents1 The Transcultural Transformation of a Field  11.1 Transcultural Political Languages  11.2 Culture Like a Banyan Tree  51.3 The Transcultural Transformation of a Field  9Works Cited  312 Global Circulation and Some Problems in Liberalism, Liberalization, and Neoliberalism  372.1 Liberalism  402.2 Liberalism and Liberalization  452.3 Liberalization and Neoliberalism  512.4 Liberation  54Works Cited  563 Dialogical Imaginations: European Ideas of Plasticity, Freedom, and Choice in the Long Nineteenth Century  613.1 The Philosophical Anthropologists  613.2 Dostoevsky  643.3 D. H. Lawrence  70Works Cited  79xiv   CONTENTS4 Trollope’s Modernity: The Speed-up, Stress,  and Resentments of a Public Sphere  834.1 The Conservative Liberal  834.2 Trollope Outside Britain  96Works Cited  1035 The Global Circulation of Charles Dickens’s Novels  1075.1 Local Dickens in Popular Culture  1095.2 Global Dickens  112Works Cited  1266 Global Literatures of Decadence  1316.1 Decadent Temporality  1316.2 Global Decadence  1346.3 The Decadence of the West: Huysmans and Houellebecq  in the Longue Durée  1516.4 Conclusion  158Works Cited  1617 Crossed Histories: Social Formations  in Friction 1783–Present  1677.1 Dickens’s Little Dorrit as a Total Environment  1687.2 Tractors: Technology, Literacy, Migration  1807.3 Sugar, Maize, Bananas, and Degrees of Discrimination  1917.4 Frictions  200Works Cited  2128 Coda on Processes of Sex, Gender, and Desire  in the Anthropocene  2178.1 Sex, Gender, Desire as Process  2188.2 Sex, Gender and Desire in Anthropocenic Literatures  224Works Cited  233Index  237

Literatures of Liberalization: Global Circulation and the Long Nineteenth Century

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