Branco, A. R.

Farias, T. L.

Moura, , L. T.

Silva, R.

Vasconcelos, A

English

Engineering Conferences International

DTEA - Transports, Energy and Environment | Investigation Group on Energy and Sustainable Development | Instituto Superior TécnicoDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.ptQuantification of Energy Consumption and Emissions using Biodiesel in an Urban Bus FleetBioenergy: From Concept to Commercial ProductionMarch, 8th, 2006Branco, A. R.Silva, R.Vasconcelos, AFarias, T. L.Moura, L. T.DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 3Our MissionDTEA is a research team dedicated to innovation in the area of Transports, Energy and Environment through the development, transfer and dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge.DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 4Our position within ISTResearch Group on Energy and Sustainable Development IDMECInstituto de Engenharia Mecânica Pólo ISTDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 5Energetic Consumptions and Pollutant EmissionsMain Research AreasSustainable MobilityPropulsion and Alternative FuelsKnowledge Transfer and DisseminationStudies & Applications• Energetic and Environmental Evaluation• Management of Fleets• Auditorships• Monitorization• Courses and Workshops• Seminars and Conferences• Educational simulators• Mobility Strategies• Public transport  nets• Sustainable Mobility Solutions• Pilot Projects• Viability Studies• Utilization in FleetsInvestigation &Development• Simulation tool for road e railroad• Monitorization Laboratory• Pedestrian Simulation• Sustainability of the mobility solutions• Simulation: hybrid, CNG, hydrogen and biofuels• Papers• Theses• Lectures• PatentsDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 6The TeamCoordinator: Tiago FariasAna Vasconcelos Carla SilvaGonçalo GonçalvesSofia TabordaLara MouraJanuary 2006:João BravoJoana PortugalAndreia SimõesAugusto BrasilJoana SilvaDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.ptBiodiesel as an Alternative FuelDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 8Directive 2003/30/CEMinimum quantity of Biofuel placed in the market, as percentage for thegasoline and the fuel for diesel engines22.753.54.2555.752005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Percentage [%]DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 9• Environmental and Energetic Analysis of the biodiesel life cycle:– Energy consumption– Pollutants emissions• Application to a case study: the Évora Municipality Fleet, SITEE –EM;Objective of the work• Comparison to the actual situation used in the fleet – diesel; • Comparison results for different types of mixtures: B5, B20 and B100.DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 10Biodiesel• Diesel displacement fuel made from plant oils, animal tallow or recycled cooking oils;• Chemical process, that removes the glycerine and yield methyl or ethyl esters optimized for combustion; Vegetable Oil (1 ton) +Methanol(0.11 ton)Mixture of Methyl Esters(1 ton Biodiesel)+Glycerine(0.1 ton)• Purification Process in Europe obliges the regulation: EN 14214• Renewable, non-toxic, usable in any percentage with a diesel mixture, allows a less energetic dependence.  DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 11The Case Study - Évora• Application to the Évora Municipality Fleet:Urban Fleet Transport “Blue Line” Fleet13 vehicles (Euro III)Average Consumption - 41,4 l/100kmAnnual Distance – 490 thousand kmAnnual Average Consumption – 200 thousand litres4 mini-buses (Euro II)Average Consumption - 18 l 100kmAnnual Distance – 288 thousand kmAnnual Average Consumption – 52 thousand litresTogether their consumption is 253 thousand  l/year of dieselDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 12• 4 mini-buses connecting the peripheral parks of the city to the historical centre• Outside the city walls, bus stops• Inside the Walls: just wave to stop the mini-bus • Without a pre-defined schedule• Circuit crossed in the pavement with a blue lineThe Case Study - ÉvoraDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 13The “Blue Line”DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 14The Case Study - Évora• Biodiesel production from recycled cooking oils;• Reutilization of a residue produced in large quantities and that in Portugal doesn’t has an appropriate final use; • HORECA (Hotel, Restaurants and Coffees) Group considered for theHistorical Centre of Évora• Collect System adopted:– HORECA Group: 191 establishments;– Daily Production of 2 L: every 15 days, collected in a door to door system;– Vehicle: Mercedes Sprinter 308 CDI (consumption 15 l/100km);DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 15Tank to WheelWell to TankExploration RefinaryTransportEmissionsFuel ConsumptionSupply+OperationMethodology Adopted – WTW AnalysisPlantationsDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 16Methodology Adopted – WTW Analysis• Production Phase: Software Gabi 4• Necessity to create different plans:– Electricity– Biodiesel– Diesel• Utilization Phase:• Diesel: COPERT III• BiodieselUsing distances covered, consumptions of the vehicle and the Heating ValueFuel Consumption Fuel Consumption CO2: EF X Fuel ConsumptionCO, NOx, COV, PM: COPERT and EPA StudyDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 17Main ResultsEnergetic Characterization – Production PhaseUsed Cooking Oils vs Diesel Diesel B5 B20 B1001,19 1,19 1,18 1,10- 0,1% - 1% - 8%00.511.5MJ/MJ Fuel EnergyDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 18Fuel Consumption (l/year) – Utilization PhaseMain ResultsFuel+ 0,4% + 1,5%+ 8,4%240.000250.000260.000270.000280.000l/yearConsumption (l/100km)FuelBlue Line Urban FleetDiesel 18 41,4B5 18,1 41,6B20 18,3 42,0B100 19,5 44,9275.000257.000254.000253.000B100B20B5GasóleoDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 19Diesel B5 B20 B100674 675 676 686Emissions CO2Environmental  Performance – Life Cycle Analysis+ 0,1% + 0,3% + 2%02004006008001000CO2 Emissions (ton/year)CO2 Emissions Main Results0%20%40%60%80%100%Gasóleo B5 B20 B100Emissions from fossil fuel sourcesEmissions from renewable sourcesDTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 20Main Conclusions of the Work• The Energy Consumption is Lower when using biodiesel:Fuel Saving in diesel(l/year)Number of barrilsB5 13.000 90B20 54.000 380B100 253.000 1760• An increase of fuel consumption was verified in the fleet when using biodiesel (lower heating value);• Environmental performance: an increase in the emissions of CO2 and NOXwas noticed, compared to a decrease in other pollutants like CO, PM and COV;DTEA – Transports, Energy and Environment – http://dtea.ist.utl.pt 21Av. Rovisco Pais, Pavilhão de Mecânica 1 - 2º1049-001 Lisboalara@navier.ist.utl.ptTel.: 218 419 546Fax.: 218 417 640

Quantification of Energy Consumption and Emissions using Biodiesel in an Urban Bus Fleet

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Quantification of Energy Consumption and Emissions using Biodiesel in an Urban Bus Fleet

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