Alvarez-Guerra, Manuel

English

Engineering Conferences International

SUSTAINABLE AND INNOVATIVE PROCESSES FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND RECYCLINGDepartamento de Ingeniería Químicay Química Inorgánica Universidad de Cantabria (SPAIN)Department of Chemical Engineering and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cantabria (SPAIN)Manuel Alvarez-Guerra and Angel IrabienCO2 SUMMIT: TECHNOLOGY AND OPPORTUNITYJune 7, 2010Vail, Colorado, USAContents2.   Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art 1.   Introduction2.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes2.2. CO2 separation processes2.3. Processes for CO2 recycling3.  CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal2.4. Process integration and sustainability assessment3.1. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 Programme3.2. Project proposal outline3.3. Final remarks1. Introduction Carbon dioxide Capture and geological Storage (CCS) is a bridgingtechnology that will contribute to mitigating climate change. Preliminary estimates to assess the impact of the EU Directive2009/31/EC [1]  7 million tonnes of CO2 could be stored by 2020,and up to 160 million tonnes by 2030. “CCS components (capture, transport and storage) still need to beintegrated into a complete CCS process, technological costs need tobe reduced, and more and better scientific knowledge has to begathered” [1]. CCS: risks of permanent storage of CO2?New interest in chemical technologies for CARBON CAPTUREand RECYCLING PROCESSES1 Directive 2009/31/EC of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, O J L 140: 114-35Aims of this presentation1. Introduction To discuss and present our view of the state of the artregarding Carbon Capture and Recycling processes, whichinclude combustion, CO2 separation/concentration and CO2transformation into useful products To outline the main aspects of the “ENVIRONFRIEND-CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010” project proposal, whoseobjective is to make a significant progress in the knowledgeand development of Sustainable and Innovative Processesfor Carbon Capture and RecyclingContents2.   Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art 1.   Introduction2.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes2.2. CO2 separation processes2.3. Processes for CO2 recycling3.  CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal2.4. Process integration and sustainability assessment3.1. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 Programme3.2. Project proposal outline3.3. Final remarksCarbon capture and mitigation processes2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Conditions of pressure and temperature and gas stream compositiondetermine the CO2 capture processesCARBON CAPTUREGAS STREAM- Conditions: P, TEMISSIONAdsorption technologyAbsorption technologyMembrane technology - Composition: CO2byproductsimpurities Mitigation efficiency: % of CO2 in emission with respect to % of CO2 ininput gas stream2.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Currently available processes to capture CO2[1]:1 Screiber et al., 2009, Int J Life Cycle Assess 14:547-5592.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes Cleaner combustion processesa) Oxy-fuel combustion [1,2]2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art1 Buhre et al., 2005, Energy Combust Sci 31:283-307.  2 Screiber et al., 2009, Int J Life Cycle Assess 14:547-559 Fuel is combusted in pure O2 mixed with recycled flue gases ratherthan air  a flue gas stream with high concentration of CO2 isproduced, making CO2 separation easier However, important pollutants formed during combustion, such asNOx, SO2 and even soot, should be removedResearch is needed to optimize the process of NOx reduction, sulphurcapture and soot formation under oxy-fuel operating conditions2.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes Cleaner combustion processes Two interconnected fluidized bedreactors (the fuel and air reactor) withan oxygen carrier (typically formed bymetal oxide) circulated between unitsb) Chemical Looping Combustion [1,2]2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art1 Hossain & de Lasa, 2008, Chem Eng Sci 63:4433-51.  2 Leion et al., 2008, Int J  Greenh Gas Con 2:180-93. Complete combustion in the fuel reactor produces CO2 andwater vapor (free nitrogen mixture) the CO2 formed can bereadily recovered by condensing water vapor Two flue gas streams are generated: Outlet gas stream from the air reactor: N2 and unreacted O22.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes Cleaner combustion processes Two interconnected fluidized bedreactors (the fuel and air reactor) withan oxygen carrier (typically formed bymetal oxide) circulated between unitsb) Chemical Looping Combustion [1,2]2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art1 Hossain & de Lasa, 2008, Chem Eng Sci 63:4433-51.  2 Leion et al., 2008, Int J  Greenh Gas Con 2:180-93.Need to develop suitable oxygen carrier materials which areboth active and stable Main advantages: Promising technology with low energy penalty CO2 separation from flue gases is avoided Formation of NOx is also reduced2.2. CO2 separation processes The most mature and applied technology for the post-combustioncapture of CO2 from the flue gas and subsequent release is cyclicchemical absorption/ desorption using an aqueous aminesolution of monoethanolamine (MEA) 30% w/w [1] Aqueous solutions of other amines that have better performancecharacteristics than MEA are also available from commercial suppliers2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Standard absorption/desorption process [1]- Gas and amine solution: counter-current contact in a packed absorber column at low T (40 °C) and atmospheric P - Absorbed CO2 is released in the desorption column at high T (120 ºC) - Regenerated amine solution recirculated to absorber1 Puxty et al., 2009, Environ Sci Technol  43:6427-33. 2.2. CO2 separation processes The most mature and applied technology for the post-combustioncapture of CO2 from the flue gas and subsequent release is cyclicchemical absorption/ desorption using an aqueous aminesolution of monoethanolamine (MEA) 30% w/w [1] Aqueous solutions of other amines that have better performancecharacteristics than MEA are also available from commercial suppliers2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Standard absorption/desorption process [1]Many limitations and disadvantages:- Significant amount of energy required (especially in the regeneration step)- Large scale equipment needed-Amines are corrosive and susceptible to degradation by trace flue gas components; atmospheric losses require adding new solvent 1 Puxty et al., 2009, Environ Sci Technol  43:6427-33. 2.2. CO2 separation processes The identification of a capture process which would fit the needs oftarget separation performances, together with a minimal energypenalty, is a key issue Because of their fundamental engineering and economic advantages overSeparation processes based on membrane technologiesintensified by ionic liquids appear as one of the main innovations2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art1 Brunetti et al., 2009, J Membr Sci , in press.  2 Baker, 2008, Proceedings of 12th Aachener membrane kolloquim    competing separation technologies, membrane operations are, now,being explored for CO2 capture from power plant emissions[1]- E.g. Three stage membrane process proposed for CO2 separation from coal power plant flue gas (90% CO2 recovery, 88% of purity) [2]CO2 recovery =90%2.2. CO2 separation processes Selectivity and permeability: important membrane properties to consider. Advanced Separation/Concentration Processes based onmembrane technologies can be developed in three mainways [1,2]:But research is also needed to study the influence of processvariables (e.g. T, P, humidity, configuration)2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art1 Scovazzo, 2009, J Membr Sci  343:199-211.  2 Hasib-ur-Rahman et al., 2010, Chem Eng Process 49:313-22.1)Gas permeation, based on fast and selective densemembranes and advanced configurations.2)Non-Dispersive absorption processes combiningabsorption selectivity and permeation.3)Supported-Liquid Membrane processes able toincrease membrane selectivity.2.2. CO2 separation processes CO2 capture by absorption with ILs is currently being studied (e.g.[1-4])2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Reliable guidelines exist for selecting ILs with particular solubilityand selectivity properties related to CO2-based separations, withimidazolium-based salts at the centre of this research effort Intensification using Ionic Liquids:1 Gurkan et al., 2010, J Amer Chem Society 132:2116-7.  2 Kurnia et al., 2009, J Chem Therm 41:1069-73.           3 Yokozeki et al., 2008, J Phys Chem B 112:16654-63.       4 Bara et al., 2008, Ind Ing Chem Res 48:2739-51. Process temperature and the chemical structures of the cation andanion have significant impacts on CO2 absorption performance. A great potential of ILs for CO2 separations has been related totheir ability to chemically capture CO2 when used in combinationwith amines as functional groups of the cation or the anion2.3. Processes for CO2 recycling2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art CO2 recycling  conversion of the previously captured CO2 into carbonfuels and derived hydrocarbon products with added value- E.g. Carbon dioxide recycling in the “Methanol Economy” proposed by Olah et al. [1]1 Olah et al., 2009, J Org Chem  74:487-982.3. Processes for CO2 recycling2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 (ERC)-Cu  hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H4) and alcohols (EtOH, PrOH)-Pb, Hg, In, Sn, Bi, Cd, Tl  Formic acid (HCOOH) Main products obtained highly depend on the nature of the materialused as cathode and the supporting electrolyteE.g. Major products from the ERC using different electrode metals in aqueous media [1,2]: 1 Hori et al., 1994, Electrochim Acta  39:1833-9.  2 Sánchez-Sánchez et al., 2001, Pure Appl Chem 73:1917-27 Recent development of ERC commercial process to produce formic acid by MantraTM Venture Group (http://www.mantraenergy.com/home.html):  http://www.mantraenergy.com/home.html2.3. Processes for CO2 recycling2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 (ERC)-Cathodic reduction of CO2 is normally accompanied by hydrogen evolution-The reduction takes place at much more negative potentials than the reversible potential-Selectivity of the reaction is low in many cases mixtures of reaction products are obtained-Short electrode lifetime-Mass transport limitations in aqueous media due to low solubility of CO2 Key issues that need to be solved:-Large consumption of electric energy needed for the reduction- Need to find electrodes with high electrocatalytic activity, high product selectivity and satisfactory lifetime -Improvement of CO2 solubility: use of organic solvents, high pressure...- Integration of ERC with renewable energy sources (e.g. photovoltaic solar, wind power)    2.4. Process integration and sustainability assessment Life Cycle Thinking (LCT)Evaluation of innovative chemical processes and/or productsconsidering Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) & Supply ChainManagement (SCM) [1,2]2. Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art Process integration considers the influence of innovative1 Azapagic,1999, Chem Eng J 73:1-21.     2 Grossmann, 2004, Comput Chem Eng 29:29-39.3 Stankiewicz & Moulijn, 2002, Ind Eng Chem Res 41:1920-4  changes (Process Intensification [3]) in carbon captureBut decision-making tools need to be developed to clarify theadvantages  development of Sustainability Metrics ofintensified processesContents2.   Carbon Capture and Recycling: our view of the state of the art 1.   Introduction2.1. Carbon capture and combustion processes2.2. CO2 separation processes2.3. Processes for CO2 recycling3.  CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal2.4. Process integration and sustainability assessment3.1. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 Programme3.2. Project proposal outline3.3. Final remarks3. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal3.1. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010 Programme Strategic funding is awarded to teams comprising groups of high-level Programme of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, whichseeks to achieve research excellence “CONSOLIDER”  financial help for CONSOlidated groups that areLEADERS within Spanish scientific communityresearchers which present a research project for joint implementationleading to significant progress in a high-level scientific activity. Long-term (5 years), large-scale (€5 mill.) funding is awarded incompetitive call Beneficiaries: Research teams comprising research groups from R&Dcentres (Universities, PROs recognized by Spanish law, TechnologicalCentres…)3. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal3.2. Project proposal outlineGlobal research approach: INTENSIFICATION AND INTEGRATION of innovativeprocesses for the different steps of carbon capture & recycling “ENVIRONFRIEND-CONSOLIDER-Ingenio 2010” project proposal3. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal3.2. Project proposal outlineUniversidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC  Universities and CSIC Institutes involved:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya CTM-UPC.Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV)Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)Universidad de Zaragoza (UNIZAR)Universidad de Vigo (UVigo)Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC)Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC)Universidad de Castilla La Mancha (UCLM)Universidad de Cantabria (UC)Universidad de Alicante (UA)3. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal3.2. Project proposal outline Main researchers and topicsMain Researchers (Units) Main Research TopicR Bilbao (UNIZAR) Cleaner CombustionU Alzueta (UNIZAR) Cleaner CombustionJ Adanez (ICB/CSIC) Cleaner CombustionL de Diego (ICB/CSIC) Cleaner CombustionF Rodriguez Somolinos (UCM) Absorption Desorption with Ionic LiquidsA Irabien (UC) Membrane ProcessesJ Palomar (UAM) Molecular Design of Ionic Liquids Project coordinator: Angel Irabien (UC, University of Cantabria)A Arce (USC) Applications of ionic liquids (Absorption)A Soto (USC) Applications of ionic liquidsE Tojo (UVigo) Synthesis of Ionic LiquidsA Dominguez (UVigo) Properties of Ionic LiquidsJA Ortega (ULPGC) Physical-Chemical properties of ILI Nuez (ULPGC) Physical-Chemical properties of ILJ Bilbao (UPV-EHU) Catalytic ProcessesM Olazar (UPV-EHU) Catalytic ProcessesE Herrero (UA) Electrocatalytic ProcessesF Feliu (UA) Electrocatalytic ProcessesJ Lobato (UCLM) Electrocatalytic ProcessesF Castells (URV) Life Cycle AssessmentL Jimenez (URV) Process Systems EngineeringA Romero (UCM) Chemical Process DevelopmentJ de Pablo (CTM-UPC) Knowledge and Technology TransferM Rovira (CTM-UPC) Knowledge and Technology Transfer3. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal3.2. Project proposal outline                CLEANER COMBUSTION AND INDUSTRIAL CO2 MITIGATION PROCESSES: • Oxycombustion • Chemical looping Combustion  UNIZAR, ICB-CSIC  ABSORPTION AND MEMBRANE CO2 SEPARATION  Functional structure of the project Coordination among the groupsworking in different parts of theproject     PROCESSES  UCM-UAM, USC, UVIGO, ULPGC, UC-UCM  CATALYTIC AND ELECTROCATALYTIC PROCESSES OF CO2 RECYCLING  UPV-UHV, UA-UCLM, UC-UCM  PROCESS INTEGRATION AND SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION USING LCT  All groups 3. CONSOLIDER-Ingenio project proposal3.3. Final Remarks Knowledge transfer to the Technology Platforms and Cenit projects(large collaborative projects of industrial research) and promotion ofthe international cooperation are also priorities in the project- Interest in demonstration projects and innovationpartners for technology transfer- Interest in collaborations with other internationalresearch groups One-year funding has already been obtained for non-dispersiveabsorption processes and electrochemical reduction of CO2, and three-year funding is under consideration for the main research group.SUSTAINABLE AND INNOVATIVE PROCESSES FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND RECYCLINGDepartamento de Ingeniería Químicay Química Inorgánica Universidad de Cantabria (SPAIN)Department of Chemical Engineering and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cantabria (SPAIN)Manuel Alvarez-Guerra and Angel IrabienCO2 SUMMIT: TECHNOLOGY AND OPPORTUNITYJune 7, 2010Vail, Colorado, USAGrupo Desarrollo de Procesos QuímicosDepartamento de Ingeniería Químicay Química Inorgánica Universidad de Cantabria (SPAIN)y Control de ContaminantesDepartamento de Ingeniería Química y Química InorgánicaETSIIyT, Avda. de los Castros s/n 39005Santander, Cantabria. SPAINE-mail: irabienj@unican.es Tel. +34 942 201597   Fax +34 942 201591«We know what we have to do to achieve the sustainability, now it’s time to do it »

Sustainable and Innovative Processes for Carbon Capture and Recycling

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Sustainable and Innovative Processes for Carbon Capture and Recycling

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