Byrne, Ray

Donnelly, Matt

Monroy, Cesar

Neely, Jason

Schoenwald, David

Trudnowski, Dan

English

Engineering Conferences International

Engineering Conferences InternationalECI Digital ArchivesModeling, Simulation, And Optimization for the21st Century Electric Power Grid ProceedingsFall 10-24-2012Evaluation of Energy Storage Technologies forDamping ControlRay ByrneSandia National LaboratoriesJason NeelySandia National LaboratoriesCesar MonroySandia National LaboratoriesDavid SchoenwaldSandia National LaboratoriesDan TrudnowskiMontana Tech UniversitySee next page for additional authorsFollow this and additional works at: http://dc.engconfintl.org/power_gridPart of the Electrical and Computer Engineering CommonsThis Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the Proceedings at ECI Digital Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion inModeling, Simulation, And Optimization for the 21st Century Electric Power Grid by an authorized administrator of ECI Digital Archives. For moreinformation, please contact franco@bepress.com.Recommended CitationRay Byrne, Jason Neely, Cesar Monroy, David Schoenwald, Dan Trudnowski, and Matt Donnelly, "Evaluation of Energy StorageTechnologies for Damping Control" in "Modeling, Simulation, And Optimization for the 21st Century Electric Power Grid", M. Petri,Argonne National Laboratory; P. Myrda, Electric Power Research Institute Eds, ECI Symposium Series, (2013).http://dc.engconfintl.org/power_grid/23AuthorsRay Byrne, Jason Neely, Cesar Monroy, David Schoenwald, Dan Trudnowski, and Matt DonnellyThis conference proceeding is available at ECI Digital Archives: http://dc.engconfintl.org/power_grid/23Photos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white spacebetween photos and headerPhotos placed in horizontal position with even amount of white spaceEvaluation of Energy Storage Technologies for Damping ControlWednesday, October 24, 2012Ray Byrne, Ph.D.Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. between photos and header Jason Neely, Ph.D.Cesar Monroy, Ph.D.David Schoenwald, Ph.D.*Dan Trudnowski, Ph.D.*Matt Donnelly, Ph.D.*Montana Tech UniversityAcknowledgements The work was performed under funding from the DOE Energy Storage Program managed by Dr. Imre Gyuk of the DOE Office of Electricity.2Energy Storage Controls for Grid Stability  Power systems are susceptible to low frequency oscillations caused by generators separated by long transmission lines that oscillate against each other These oscillations are not as well damped as higher frequency “local” oscillations Energy storage-based damping controllers can mitigate these oscillations31996 breakup caused by low-frequency oscillationsEnergy Storage Controls for Grid Stability  There are several low frequency oscillation modes in the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) region1 “North-South” mode nominally near 0.25 Hz; “Alberta-BC” mode nominally near 0.4 Hz; “BC” mode nominally near 0.6 Hz; and, “Montana” mode nominally near 0.8 Hz.Researchers at Montana Tech and Bonneville Power Administration (BPA)have investigated damping controls for theWECC This project builds on their results41D. Trudnowski, “Baseline Damping Estimates,” Report to Bonneville Power Administration, September 2008.Damping control basics5Project Goals Assess storage technologies for the damping control application Develop high fidelity models Perform PSLF simulations to validate performance Develop safeguards for the supervisory control system to insure that it can never destabilize the grid Develop a pilot project to be deployed in 20136Damping Control Performance Requirements A typical damping control node must meet the following performance requirements: Output power +/- 10MW per device, ~10 total devices  Bandwidth to track a Pcommand signal in the 0.25-1Hz range (real power modulation) Minimal latency Previous simulation results from BPA and Montana Tech have shown acceptable performance with a first order system model1 (bandwidth ~ 3.2 Hz)71Dan Trudnowski, “Analytical Assessment of Proposed Controls,” Report to Bonneville Power Administration under contract number 37508, September 2008.Ultra Capacitor System High fidelity (13th order) model based on a Maxwell Technologies ultra-capacitor 125V Heavy Transportation Module 1,000,000 charge/discharge cycles 63F, 125V Model accurate to ~10% power dissipatedacross the ESR 8Ultra Capacitor System Detailed state-space models are used to simulated system with steps in power reference: 10 series-connected 63F caps9 High fidelity (21st order) model based on a Beacon flywheel (Smart Energy 25 Flywheel) and Sandia custom control Parameters derived from published performance dataFlywheel System10 Detailed state-space models are used to simulated system with steps in power referenceFlywheel System11 High fidelity (15th order) model with polarization and over 60 parameters based on a carbon enhanced valve regulated lead acid battery from East Penn Manufacturing1Battery System121D. Fregosi, S. Bhattacharya, and S. Atcitty, “Empirical Battery Model Characterizing a Utility-scale Carbon-enhanced VRLA Battery”, 2011 IEEEEnergy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), September 17-22, 2011, pages 3541-3548.Battery System Detailed state-space models are used to simulated system with steps in power reference13Performance Validation  Dynamics are dominated by the control system design (PI of currents in the qd reference frame) First order model accurately approximates the higher order system model All designs exceed the bandwidth requirements of 3.2 Hz1Pg/Pref 1410-1 100 101 10200.5Gain (abs) Detailed ModelSimple Model (T=0.05s)Simple Model (T=0.01s)10-1 100 101 102-100-50050100Phase (deg.)Freq (Hz)Pg/PrefWECC PSLF Simulation Results 2017 Heavy Summer Base Case PSLF simulation of line fault between CBK500 and CHAPRI Ultra-Capacitor based damping control nodes at Palo Verde Coulee Power Rating +/- 100 MW with Kd = 5 MW/mHz15WECC PSLF Simulation Results 2017 Heavy Summer Base Case PSLF simulation of line fault between CBK500 and CHAPRI Ultra-Capacitor based damping control nodes at Palo Verde Coulee Power Rating +/- 100 MW with Kd = 5 MW/mHz16WECC PSLF Simulation Results Benefit is seen by several generators in the system17WECC PSLF Simulation Results 2017 Heavy Summer Base Case PSLF simulation of line fault between CBK500 and CHAPRI Ultra-Capacitor based damping control nodes at Palo Verde Coulee Power Rating +/- 100 MW with Kd = 10 MW/mHz18WECC PSLF Simulation Results 2017 Heavy Summer Base Case PSLF simulation of line fault between CBK500 and CHAPRI Ultra-Capacitor based damping control nodes at Palo Verde Coulee Power Rating +/- 100 MW with Kd = 10 MW/mHz19WECC PSLF Simulation Results Benefit is seen by several generators in the system20WECC PSLF Simulation Results Inter-area damping does not appear to effect system frequency 21WECC PSLF Simulation Results Inter-area damping does not appear to effect system frequency 22WECC PSLF Simulation Results The benefit of the gain Kd may be better quantified by applying Prony Analysis across a large data set to measure the damping benefit Specifically, for some mode, we would like to know how much damping  Kd adds to the system at that frequency:( )di Kfdd += ii23where i is the index of the mode  The function fi may be selected to give good agreement Linear, quadratic, cubic … etcWECC PSLF Simulation Results0.12 Hz mode                     0.30 Hz mode                    0.47 Hz mode2ndorder243rdorderStability Analysis Two-area model Damping controllershave the form:25Stability Analysis Apply the Nyquist stability criterion to the two-area model Specify a relative stability margin Gain margin Phase margin ESAC Boundary Identify stability regions in (gain, delay) space26Stability Analysis - Results ESAC Boundary 3 db gain margin 9 degrees phase margin Unstable system (e.g. damping control required)27Accomplishments Developed high fidelity models for: Ultra capacitor system Flywheel system Battery system Validated damping controller performance in PSLF using a WECC model Developed an analytical approach for supervisory control gain scheduling A Technology Innovation Proposal to Bonneville Power Administration was accepted for a follow-on demonstration project (co-funded by DOE)28Contact Information Ray Byrne, Ph.D.email: rhbyrne@sandia.govphone: 505 844-871629

Evaluation of Energy Storage Technologies for Damping Control

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Evaluation of Energy Storage Technologies for Damping Control

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