21. century is called as Knowledge and Communication Age. In this age, countries develop some policies about electronic structuring which enable them to be a knowledge society. Given these developments states start to cast their classical bureaucratic structure and tend to work ‘E-Commerce’ structure which is easier, speeder and cheaper. So, the nature of local enterprises started to modify. The main aim of E-Commerce activities is to satisfy consumer needs. Thus, the private sector has a chance and obligation to provide some important subsets of e-commerce activities to the consumer.
The main aim of this study is to show that how industrial undertaking use knowledge and communication technologies to provide expansion in Gaziantep industries. Survey data was analyzed using SPSS (Statical Package for Social Sciences) 13.0 statistics program in order to reach at this aim

Arslan, Ibrahim

Bayraktutan, Yusuf

Karatay, Pelin

Epoka University

446  E-COMMERCE AND ITS CONCEPTION BY GAZIANTEP INDUSTRY Yusuf Bayraktutan (Kocaeli University), İbrahim Arslan (Gaziantep University), Pelin Karatay (Gaziantep University),  Abstract 21.  century  is  called  as   Knowledge  and  Communication  Age.  In  this  age,  countries   develop  some  policies  about  electronic structuring  which enable them to be a knowledge  society.  Given  these  developments  states  start  to  cast  their  classical   bureaucratic  structure  and  tend  to  work  ‘E-Commerce’  structure  which  is  easier,  speeder   and cheaper. So, the nature of local enterprises started to modify. The  main  aim  of  E-Commerce  activities  is  to  satisfy consumer needs.  Thus,  the  private  sector  has a  chance  and  obligation  to provide  some  important  subsets  of  e-commerce  activities  to  the consumer. The  main  aim  of  this  study  is  to  show   that   how  industrial  undertaking  use knowledge  and  communication  technologies   to  provide  expansion  in  Gaziantep industries.  Survey data was analized using SPSS (Statical Package for Social Sciences) 13.0 statistics program  in order to reach at this aim. Key Words: Knowledge  and  Communication  Technology, E-Commerce, Knowledge Economy  Introductıon  Tecnological revolution of the past quarter century not only has effected daily life but also has started to restructure business life and all fields of economic activities. In resent years, booms at knowledge-communication technology have initiated the multi-faceted exchange-transform process, and composed consciousness on computer using at all fields of daily life as a necessity. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has gained a strategic importance for economic growth,  competitive advantage and providing social welfare.  E-commerce is considered as a concept symbolized and enclosed all these developments. Furthermore, e-commerce has started to find acceptance as a  process of commercial practices, and economies were restoreted with tecnology. Both small and large commercial units attended to this process have started to gain a brand new  efficiency, infinite market area and competitive power.   Globalization process has got to loom enterprises which can harmonize customer choices, and techonological amendments put e-commerce another way. 21. centruy enterprises can 447  respond to amendments  at customer choices rapidly by changing components of marketing. To become commonplace the internet has rapidly fetched  e-commerce to a new and effective instrument at executing commercial operations. E-commerce has arised as an output of  tecnological developments which enable knowledge/communication at last 10 years with affinity of feeling relieved world trade. Accordingly, e-commerce will provide ascendancy and affluent society will close. The main factors of developed economies that have performed economic growth beyond expectations are degree of knowledge-communication techonology, evolution of capabilities with using computer, and using e-commerce at all areas  fruquently. This paper analyzes this issue in terms of industrial activities in Gaziantep, which is one of the leading industrial areas in Turkey.  1. Development of E-commerce E-commerce, or commercial interaction trough the internet is a kind of universal method which has been developing for more than ten years and bringing in a different size. Thanks to this, people and institutions can get across with their counterparts at different places of the world whereby computer is available (Varol, 1998: 35). As internet techonology has been developing rapidly, the fact that a new economic order has taken commonplace is observed. Geographical borders has disappeared, common markets  where buyers and sellers meet, has attained a different size and sellers have elicited coming up web economics by adopting all world as a customer and  by switching activities to web based systems (Camp and Sirbu, 1997: 17). Marketing activities have been done in electronic form today and this new marketing model has been called as electronic commerce, internet marketing, e-work, etc. This concept blight has been emanating cursory definitions by nonspecialist (Kartal, 2007: 65). E-commerce involves trading goods and services between individuals and groups. Thus, marketing has also been including advertisement, presentation, presale and after sale activities, developing long-term relations (Karafakioglu, 2000: 11). Both organizational buyers and consumers have been attending to electronic mediums. Classical marketing functions also cover activities started before producing product, and involves after sale activities. In this process, marketing activities are buying, selling, carrying, storing, standardization and grading, risk imposition, financing, attaining marketing knowledge and training buyers (Islamoglu, 2006: 14). Who fulfills these functions have been determined at classical marketing system, in local, regional, national and international levels, partially or completely. Accordingly, e-commerce is not a commercial procedure system, it is an innovation enabled commerce, and arised in parallel with developing communication and knowledge processing (Ince, 1999: 2). E-commerce enables potential buyers to be well grounded in products proffered at all corners of the world and enables new producers penetrate world market. Penetrating to market with more quality and low price has increased competition and reduced transaction cost (Strauss-Frost, 2000: 15). 448  Increasing extend of  e-commerce has drawn special interest on investing in related fields. Looking at this issue from this aspect, it is observed that developed countries, most notebly the USA and some others have made intensive investments in this field lately. (Kepenek, 2000: 27)  E-commerce has also affected international trade, employment, education, cultural and social life, and made a lot of fast and hard to anticipate innovations possible. This developments which elicit some advantages and disadvantages for developing countries have also given hands for Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SME) which is  the backbone of  developing countries. (Bozkurt, 2000: 65).   2. An Empirical Research on the Extend and Importance of E-commerce   2.1. Problem Determining how important e-commerce for the purposes of industrial enterprises in Gaziantep is the case of our research. Developments in internet and e-commerce, and their effects on the performance of this industrial area were searched using the data obtained through a survey conducted for this study.  2.2. Assumptions and Method The basic assumptions are as follows: i. Participators response the survey correctly and candidly, and can represent and evaluate the business environment. ii. Provided data reveals the importance and effects of e-commerce for businesses. Data gathered through the survey were transferred to the data file in SPSS, and then they were analyzed and assessed in accordance with the purposes of this study.    2.3. Findings and Interpretation Here, we share the outcomes of the statistical analysis following the order of information gathering process.  Table-1.  Dispersal of Participators According to Gender Gender Frequency Percentage Man 20 66,7 Woman 10 33,3 Total 30 100,0  Sample size for this study was 30. As Table-1 indicates, 66.7 per cent of participators were men, while women constitues  33 %. 449  Table-2. Dispersal of Participators According to Age Age Interval Frequency Percent 15-20 4 13,3 20-25 8 26,7 25-30 13 43,3 30-+ 5 16,7 Total 30 100,0  Table-2 shows that participators are relatively young people: 13.3  % is between 15-20, 26.7 per cent is between 20-25. The largest proportion is between 25-30 which constitutes 43.3 per cent of the sample. Remaining 16.7 per cent is 30 and above.  Table-3. Dispersal of Participators According to Marital Status     In terms of marital status, as can be observed from Table-3, % 56.7 of the participators are married, and the rest are single.  Table-4. Dispersal of Participators According to Implementing Commercial Transactions via E-commerce      According to implementing all commercial transactions through E-commerce, 60 % of participators is taking part in, while 40 % of participators is standing aloof.     Marital Status Frequency Percentage Married 17 56.7 Sigle  13 43.3 Total 30 100,0 Case Frequency Percentage Taking part in 18 60,0 Ambivalent 4 13,3 Standing aloof 8 26,7 Total 30 100,0 450  Table-5. Dispersal of Participators According to their Beliefs that E-commerce Diminishes Commercial Costs Cases  Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 9 30,0 To Take part ın  13 43,3 To stand aloof 6 20,0 Dead set against 2 6,7 Total 30 100,0  One of the most important outcomes expected from e-commerce practices is diminishing costs. Our sample indicate a large admission in the direction of cost reduction thanks to e-commerce. According to the survey results presented in Table-5, 73.3 % of paticipators shares the belief that marketing costs will diminish with e-commerce, whereas 26.7 % of participators does not admit this belief .   Table-6. Dispersal of Participators According to Reliability of E-commerce Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 8 26,7 To Take part in 13 43,3 Ambivalent 1 3,3 To stand aloof 6 20,0 Dead set against 2 6,7 Total 30 100,0  Reliability is another important aspect of e-commerce practices. As Table-6 shows, according to the survey results 70  % of participators takes part  in the reliability of e-commerce, but 30 % of participators stands aloof.  Tablo-7. Dispersal of Participators According to their Opinion about Market Territory of E-commerce  Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 1 3,3 To Take part in 21 70,0 Ambivalent 1 3,3 To stand aloof  5 16,7 Dead set against 2 6,7 Total 30 100,0  451  When we examine dispersal of participators according to their opinion  about market territory of e-commerce, 73.3 % of participators is seen to take part in, and  26.3 % is seen to stand aloof.   Tablo-8. Dispersal of Participators According to their beliefs on the Needs  for Information and Infrastructure  Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 5 16,7 To Take part ın 18 60,0 To stand aloof 7 23,3 Total 30 100,0  In order for e-commerce to be effectively used, information and communication related infrastructure is of prime concern. Dispersal of  participators according to their consideration about information and infrastructure that e-commerce necessiates shows that 76.7 % of participators takes part in this idea, and  23.3 % of participators stands aloof.   Table-9. Dispersal of Participators According to their Consideration about the Affects of E- commerce on Retail and Wholesale Market  Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 2 6,7 To Take part in 21 70,0 Ambivalent 2 6,7 To stand aloof 4 13,3 Dead set against 1 3,3 Total 30 100,0  Affects of e- commerce on retail and wholesale transactions are widely accepted. As shown in Table-9, 76.7 % of participators considers that e-commerce effects trade in retail and wholesale levels, and 23.3 % thinks otherwise.  Table-10. Dispersal of Participators According to their Idea on the Importance of Invesment Area as a Set for Using E-commerce  Cases Frequency Percentage Take part in completely 10 33,3 Take part in 15 50,0 Stand aloof 2 6,7 Dead set against 3 10,0 Total 30 100,0 452   When they were questioned if the invesment area would set with using e-commerce, as indicated in Table-10, 83.3 % of our sample replies positively, 16.7 % thinks otherwise.   Tablo 11. Dispersal of Participators According to Affects of E-commerce on their ability  to Communicate in the Global Markets  Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 2 6,7 To Take part in 17 56,7 Ambivalent 1 3,3 To stand aloof 6 20,0 Dead set against 4 13,3 Total 30 100,0  When we analyze data in terms of  looking at common conseption of participators according to their attitudes towards the effects of e-commerce on their ability  to communicate in the global markets, we can see that  63.4 % of participators thinks that they will communicate better but 36.6 %  of participators does not think so. Details are presented in Table-11.  Tablo-12. Dispersal of Participators  about whether E-commerce will Enable a Trade Model in the Future.  Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completly 1 3,3 To Take part in  21 70,0 Ambivalent 4 13,3 To stand aloof  4 13,4 Total 30 100,0  As it is shown in Table-12, according to survey result 73.3 % of participators takes part in the idea about e-commerce will enable a trade model in the future while  26.7 % of participators stands aloof.      453  Tablo-13. Dispersal of Participators about the Speed affect of E-commerce  Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completly 10 33,3 To Take part ın 12 40,0 Ambivalent 1 3,3 To stand aloof 4 13,3 Dead set against 3 10,0 Total 30 100,0  Developing computer and e-commerce tecnology makes contributions to the capasity of business practices. As indicated in Table-13, the idea that the speed of carrying on business increases with e-commerce is admited by 73.3 % of participators and it is refused by 26.7 % of participators.  Tablo-14. The Effect of E-commerce on Competitive Advantage  According to survey results presented in table-14, dispersal of participators for their consideration whether companies practising e-commerce would get a competitive advantage indicates that  70 % takes part in, 30 % stands aloof.    Tablo-15. The Impact of having a Web Site on the Capacity of E-commerce Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 7 23,3 To Take part ın 19 63,3 To stand aloof 2 6,7 Dead set against 2 6,7 Total 30 100,0  For about a quarter century, it is an increasing trend for businesses to have web sites. This enables various tipes of companies to reach out thier customers all over the world fast and easily, but necessiates a suitable infrastructure. As shown in Table-15, 70 % of Cases Frequency Percentage To Take part in completely 8 26,7 To Take part ın 13 43,3 Ambivalent 1 3,3 To stand aloof 6 20,0 Dead set against 2 6,7 Total 30 100,0 454  participators takes part in the idea that having a web page is necessary for a business and 30 % of participators stands aloof.  Table-16: One-Sample Statistics   Test Value = 0   t-value df Sig. (2-tiled) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference           Lower Upper Gender 16,551 29 ,000 1,53333 1,3439 1,7228 Age 15,545 29 ,000 2,63333 2,2869 2,9798 Marital Status 17,026 29 ,000 1,56667 1,3785 1,7549 Implementing all commercial transactions through e-commerce  16,521 29 ,000 2,66667 2,3365 2,9968 Diminishing costs 9,761 29 ,000 2,30000 1,8181 2,7819 Reliability of e-commerce  10,186 29 ,000 2,36667 1,8915 2,8419 Enlarging trade area 13,321 29 ,000 2,53333 2,1444 2,9223 Component 12,324 29 ,000 2,30000 1,9183 2,6817 Retail and wholesale 13,971 29 ,000 2,36667 2,0202 2,7131 Setting invesment area 9,265 29 ,000 2,10000 1,6364 2,5636 Opening up to global market 12,116 29 ,000 2,76667 2,2996 3,2337 To be a trade model 16,947 29 ,000 2,36667 2,0811 2,6523 Effect on the speed of sales and marketing  9,283 29 ,000 2,26667 1,7673 2,7660 Contribution to the competitive advantage 10,186 29 ,000 2,36667 1,8915 2,8419 Contribution of web page to e-commerce  10,832 29 ,000 2,10000 1,7035 2,4965  Significance levels, t-tests and standard deviations of variables used are given in Table-16. As a general evaluation, all variables are significant.   CONCLUSION  Information techonologies have been raising as an impotant and indispensable component of the remarkable evolution of this age.  With developing and ranging internet usage, applications of e-goverment and e-commerce have been increasing rapidly. As a result, e-455  commerce has been a development which provides opportunities eliticed using resources more efficiently for the purposes of micro and macro levels in developing countries.  Making use of this opportunities in developing countries requires abolition of legal and institutional bottlenecks.  Gaziantepis a city, where we observe relatively high capacity of innovation and ability to adapt changing business environment. As indicated by the findings of this study, majority of industrial enterprises included in our sample acknowledges the importance of e-commerce. E-commerce is considered to be contributing in enlarging target market, diminishing, at least, transaction cost, providing competitive advantage, and so on. Yet, some fundamental governmental regulations, such as those related to infrastructure, reliability, etc are expected. An effective collaboration will create synergy.  REFERENCES BOZKURT, Veysel (2000). “Elektronik Ticaretin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Boyutu”, in Veysel Bozkurt (ed.), Elektronik Ticaret, Alfa Yayınları, Istanbul. CAMP, J., and SIRBU, M. (1997). Critical Issues in Internet Commerce, IEEE Communications Magazine, Mayıs (17). INCE, Murat (1999). Elektronik Ticaret Gelişmekte olan Ülkeler İçin İmkanlar ve Politikalar, DPT Y., Ankara.  ISLAMOGLU, Ahmet H. (2006). Pazarlama Yönetimi, Beta Kitabevi, Istanbul. KARAFAKIOGLU, Mehmet (2000). Uluslararası Pazarlama, Beta Kitabevi, Istanbul. KARTAL, Cihat (2002). Internet Ortamında Pazarlama, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara. KEPENEK, Yakup (2000). “Ekonomik Yönleriyle Elektronik Ticaret”, in Veysel Bozkurt (ed.), Elektronik Ticaret, Alfa Yayınları, Istanbul. STRAUSS, Judy and Raymond FROST (2000). E-Marketing, Second Edition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. VAROL, Atabay  (1998). “Elektronik Ticaret ve Kamu Kesiminde Sürdürülen Çalışmalar”, Asomedya Dergisi, August, (28-42).  www.e-ticaret.gov.tr/e-ticaretin tanımı.html www.igeme.org.tr/elektronik ticaret.html www.izto.org.tr/yayınlar/rapor ve araştırmalar.html http://www.bilgiyonetimi.org/cm/pages/mkl_list.php?id=7 http://www.elektronikticaretrehberi.com/e-ticaret_sonuc.php   456  Appendix: Questionare Form Dear Participator, Increases in computer and communication techologies have been imposing new rules to the business world.  Nowadays, increasing global competition, requires engagement in new communication technologies for business purposes, and brings about new measures and instruments, one of which is e-commerce.  With this questinaire, we only aim to reach at some insights about the opinions and attitutes of Gaziantep industrial enterprices towards e-commerce. In order to enable us to obtain the most accurate results, please indicate the most suitable answer. The data collected will be used only for academic purposes.  Thank you, for your kind interest and valuable contribution. Associate Prof. Dr. Yusuf BAYRAKTUTAN Assistant. Prof. Dr. İbrahim ARSLAN Res. Assistant Pelin KARATAY   1 Sex  Man  Woman 2 Age  15-20    20-25    25-30      30 +   3 Marital Status  Married  Single                    457   To Take part in completely To Take part in Ambivalent To stand aloof Dead set against 4. All commercial transactions can be done as e-commerce.      5. E-commerce obtains access to world markets cheaply with diminishing costs      6. Do you believe reliability of e-commerce at present day?      7. Market territory of existing markets get larger thanks to e-commerce.       8. In order for e-commerce work efficiently, there is a need for information and infrastructure component.       9. Does e-commerce suit the needs of retail and wholesale transactions?      10. New invesment areas arises with electronical commerce.        11. Accessing global markets is easier with e-commerce.      12. E-commerce is the trade model of the future      13. Speed of carring on business increases with electoronical commerce.      14. Will businesses engaged in e-commerce get a competitive advantage?      15. Having a web page will provide contribution to e-commerce.       

E-COMMERCE AND ITS CONCEPTION BY GAZIANTEP INDUSTRY

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E-COMMERCE AND ITS CONCEPTION BY GAZIANTEP INDUSTRY

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