In this talk, we summarize our recent proposal for lowering the scale of
grand unification to the TeV range though the appearance of extra spacetime
dimensions. Particular emphasis is placed on the perturbativity and
predictivity of our scenario, as well as its sensitivity to unification-scale
effects.
  (Proceedings of invited talks given by KRD at PASCOS '98; by TG at the
European Network Meeting ``From the Planck Scale to the Electroweak Scale'';
and by KRD and TG at SUSY '98.)Comment: 9 pages, LaTeX, 2 figures. Talk Proceeding

Dienes, Keith R.

Dudas, Emilian

Gherghetta, Tony

English

arXiv

In this talk, we summarize our recent proposal for lowering the scale of grand unification to the TeV range though the appearance of extra spacetime dimensions. Particular emphasis is placed on the perturbativity and predictivity of our scenario, as well as its sensitivity to unification-scale effects. (Proceedings of invited talks given by KRD at PASCOS '98; by TG at the European Network Meeting ``From the Planck Scale to the Electroweak Scale''; and by KRD and TG at SUSY '98.)In this talk, we summarize our recent proposal for lowering the scale of grand unification to the TeV range though the appearance of extra spacetime dimensions. Particular emphasis is placed on the perturbativity and predictivity of our scenario, as well as its sensitivity to unification-scale effects. (Proceedings of invited talks given by KRD at PASCOS '98; by TG at the European Network Meeting ``From the Planck Scale to the Electroweak Scale''; and by KRD and TG at SUSY '98.

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arXiv:hep-ph/9807522v1  28 Jul 1998CERN-TH/98-245hep-ph/9807522July 1998TeV-Scale GUTs aKeith R. Dienes1, Emilian Dudas1,2, and Tony Gherghetta11 CERN Theory Division, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland2 LPTHE, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, FranceIn this talk, we summarize our recent proposal for lowering the scale of grandunification to the TeV range though the appearance of extra spacetime dimensions.Particular emphasis is placed on the perturbativity and predictivity of our scenario,as well as its sensitivity to unification-scale effects.1 IntroductionThe possibility of extra large spacetime dimensions has recently received con-siderable attention 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. One of the first serious investigations of thephenomenological properties of theories with extra large dimensions was madein Ref. 1, where the lightness of the supersymmetry-breaking scale was relatedto the largeness of a string-theoretic compactification radius. More recently, inRef.2, extra large dimensions figured prominently in a radical new proposal foravoiding the gauge hierarchy problem by lowering the Planck scale to the TeVscale. The extra dimensions required to achieve this are in the (sub-)millimeterrange, and imply a profound change in Newton’s gravitational force law at suchdistances. Likewise, in Refs. 4,5,6,8, it was shown how extra large dimensionscould also be used to lower the fundamental string scale to the TeV scale. Theidea of taking the string scale in the TeV range originates in Ref. 9, and makesuse of special features of open-string theory first pointed out in Ref. 10.Besides the Planck and string scales, there also exists one additional highfundamental scale in physics: the GUT scale. Indeed, while the Planck and(perturbative heterotic) string scales are related directly to each other, theGUT scale stands independently. In this talk, therefore, we will concentrate onour complementary proposal 3,6 of lowering the fundamental GUT scale to theaInvited talks given by KRD at PASCOS ’98 (Boston, USA, 23–29 March 1998); by TGat the European Meeting “From the Planck Scale to the Electroweak Scale” (Kazimierz,Poland, 24–30 May 1998); and by KRD and TG at SUSY ’98 (Oxford, England, 11–17 July1998).1TeV range. By definition, one of the unique issues faced in attempting to lowerthe GUT scale to the TeV range is that the scale of gauge coupling unificationmust be substantially shifted from its usual MSSM value near MGUT ≈ 2 ×1016 GeV. This in turn requires that the usual logarithmic running of theMSSM gauge couplings must somehow be altered. Remarkably, however, asdemonstrated in Refs. 3,6, extra spacetime dimensions have precisely the effectwe want: they modify the running of the gauge couplings in such a way that notonly is the unification preserved, but in fact it occurs more rapidly. This thenleads to a reduction in the unification scale. Thus, through extra dimensions, itbecomes possible for the first time to contemplate grand unification occurringat an intermediate scale — indeed, as low as the TeV scale. In other words, wenow see that it becomes possible to replace a four-dimensional GUT at 1016GeV with a higher-dimensional GUT at the TeV scale.There is one aspect of this proposal that deserves special attention. By itsvery nature, such a radical change in the GUT scale requires that the runningof the gauge couplings fully experience the effects of the extra dimensions.This in turn requires that the Standard Model fields actually propagate inthe extra dimensions, and moreover that the effects of these extra dimensionsnot be arranged to cancel as the result of the effects of other symmetries. Inthis respect, the extra dimensions required in this proposal are fundamentallydifferent from those of Ref.1 (in which the effects of the extra dimensions on thegauge couplings are arranged to cancel as the result of N = 4 supersymmetry);from those of Ref. 2 (with respect to which the Standard Model particles aretrapped on an effective brane); and also from those of Ref. 8 (in which theeffects of the extra dimensions are restricted to certain open-string sectors).As far as we are aware, therefore, the effects of extra dimensions on the runningof the gauge couplings had not been investigated prior to Refs. 3,6, and as weshall see, this leads to special subtleties that we shall discuss below.2 Gauge Coupling Unification in the Presence of Extra DimensionsWe begin by quickly recalling the usual four-dimensional result. In the usualMSSM calculation, one derives the one-loop running of the SU(3)× SU(2)×U(1) gauge couplings by evaluating one-loop wavefunction renormalization di-agrams, where all MSSM states can propagate in the loop. This then leads tothe logarithmic running equationα−1i (µ) = α−1i (MZ) −bi2pilnµMZ. (1)2where the one-loopMSSM beta-function coefficients are (b1, b2, b3) = (33/5, 1,−3).Given the experimentally measured gauge couplings at the Z-scale, we can useEq. (1) to extrapolate upwards in energy. This then leads to the conventionalunification near MGUT ≈ 2× 1016 GeV.How do we extend this calculation into higher dimensions? The basic ideais relatively simple. First, we imagine that there exist δ ≡ D−4 extra spacetimedimensions, each compactified on a circle of radius R. Here δ = 1, 2, ... can takeany integer value, and likewise µ0 ≡ R−1, which sets the energy threshold forthe extra dimensions, can range anywhere from several hundred GeV all theway up to the usual GUT scale MGUT ≈ 2× 1016 GeV. Corresponding to eachMSSM field, there will be an infinite tower of Kaluza-Klein states whose massesare separated by µ0. For various technical reasons discussed in Refs.3,6, weactually must compactify on orbifolds rather than circles, and likewise there aresome subtleties involved in arranging the Kaluza-Klein towers correspondingto the MSSM states. The upshot is that the states at the excited levels ofthe Kaluza-Klein towers must fall into N = 2 supermultiplets (even thoughthe ground-state zero-mode MSSM states are only N = 1 supersymmetric).It also turns out that one has the freedom to choose whether or not to haveKaluza-Klein towers for the MSSM fermions. We shall therefore denote by theadditional free parameter η = 0, 1, 2, 3 the number of MSSM chiral generationswhich we shall assume to have Kaluza-Klein towers.Given this setup, it is then relatively straightforward to calculate the run-ning of the gauge couplings: we simply re-evaluate the standard one-loop wave-function renormalization diagrams with the usual MSSM states as well as theircorresponding Kaluza-Klein excitations in the loop. Of course, strictly speak-ing, such a theory is non-renormalizable due to the infinite towers of Kaluza-Klein states, but we are free to truncate these towers at some arbitrarily highexcitation level without affecting our results. Therefore, for the purposes ofcalculating gauge coupling renormalization effects, we may consider this to bea fully renormalizable field theory. Evaluating the one-loop diagrams, we thenfind the general result 6α−1i (Λ) = α−1i (µ) −bi − b˜i2pilnΛµ−b˜i4pi∫ rµ−2rΛ−2dtt{ϑ3(itpiR2)}δ(2)where the Jacobi theta-function ϑ3(τ) ≡∑∞ni=−∞epiiτn2reflects the sum overthe Kaluza-Klein states. Here the new beta-function coefficients b˜i correspond-ing to the excited Kaluza-Klein levels are given by(b˜1, b˜2, b˜3) = (3/5,−3,−6) + η (4, 4, 4) , (3)3and the numerical coefficient r is given by r ≡ pi(Xδ)−2/δ whereXδ ≡ 2piδ/2/δΓ(δ/2).While the final term in Eq. (2) reflects the contributions from the Kaluza-Klein towers, the penultimate term reflects the fact that the zero-mode MSSMstates and their Kaluza-Klein towers are not identical. 6 Note that all of theterms in Eq. (2) together form the one-loop result, and thus this expression isrenormalization-group scheme-independent.For many practical purposes, it is possible to approximate the result (2)in the following way: for µ ≤ µ0, we may replace Eq. (2) by Eq. (1), while forµ ≥ µ0, we may replace Eq. (2) by the power-law expressionα−1i (µ) = α−1i (µ0) −bi − b˜i2pilnµµ0−b˜iXδ2piδ[(µµ0)δ− 1]. (4)However, for certain precision calculations (as will be discussed below), it maybe necessary to use the full one-loop result given in Eq. (2).Figure 1: Unification of gauge couplings at the new unification scale M ′GUT≈ 20 TeV,assuming the appearance of a single extra spacetime dimension of radius R−1 = 1 TeV.The remarkable feature of this higher-dimensional running is that gaugecoupling unification is nevertheless preserved. As the most interesting case,let us consider µ0 = 1 TeV, δ = 1, and η = 0. We then find the unification4shown in Fig. 1. Thus, we see that extra dimensions are consistent with theemergence of a grand unified theory in the TeV range — i.e., the GUT scalehas been lowered all the way to the TeV scale! However, this is not the onlypossibility, and it is shown in Refs. 3,6 that such a unification with a reducedunification scale occurs regardless of the values of µ0 ≡ R−1, δ, or η.3 Perturbativity, Higher-Loop Corrections, and Sensitivity toUnification-Scale ThresholdsBefore proceeding further, it is important to discuss this unification in somedetail. Specifically, the power-law running raises a number of important ques-tions. Why does the unification occur? How robust is it against higher-ordercorrections? How perturbative is the resulting theory? How exact is the uni-fication? How predictive is it? And most importantly, how sensitive is it tounification-scale effects?First, we must discuss why the unification occurs. It is clear that if it hadbeen the case that bi = b˜i for all i, then unification would have occurred as adirect consequence of the usual unification in the MSSM, for the appearanceof the extra Kaluza-Klein towers with beta-functions b˜i would have simplyresembled additional copies of the MSSM matter content. In our case, bycontrast, we actually have bi 6= b˜i. However, continued unification does notrequire bi = b˜i. Instead, all that is required is that Bij ≡ (b˜i − b˜j)/(bi − bj) beindependent if (i, j), or equivalently that B12/B13 = 1 and B13/B23 = 1. Wefind that in our scenario, these relations hold approximately: B12/B13 ≈ 0.94and B13/B23 ≈ 0.92. Indeed, it is apparent from Fig. 1 that this leads to afairly precise unification, and increasing the inverse radius R−1 only makes theunification more precise. It is this numerical coincidence which underlies ourunification.Given that this (approximate) one-loop unification occurs, it is natural toask about higher-loop corrections. A priori , they might be expected to beparticularly substantial in our case, since they would also seem to have power-law behavior. However, in our scenario, the excited Kaluza-Klein states arealways in N = 2 supermultiplets. This means that all higher-order power-lawcontributions vanish identically, which in turn implies that one-loop power-lawbehavior is exact. Thus, all that remains are the usual MSSM higher-orderlogarithmic effects, which are strongly suppressed.Next, let us discuss the perturbativity of our scenario. It is apparent fromFig. 1 that the unification is very weakly coupled (even more so than within theMSSM). This is true even if we change the values of R and δ. However, strictlyspeaking, this does not imply that the unification is perturbative. Indeed, even5though our new unified coupling α′GUTsatisfies α′GUT≪ 4pi, the perturbation-theory expansion parameter is really Nα′GUTwhere N ∼ (M ′GUT/µ0)δ is thenumber of Kaluza-Klein states propagating in the loops. Thus, for true per-turbativity, we must really require Nα′GUT≪ 4pi. However, in Fig. 2, we showthe value of Nα′GUTthat arises in our scenario for different values of radii µ0,δ, and η. We see that the constraint Nα′GUT≪ 4pi is easily satisfied. Thus,our unification is not only weakly coupled, but also perturbative.Figure 2: Values of Nα′GUTfor different values of (δ, η), as a function of µ0 ≡ R−1. In allcases, the perturbativity constraint Nα′GUT≪ 4pi is easily satisfied.Finally, let us now discuss issues pertaining to the precision of our unifica-tion. We have already remarked above that the unification is only approximatebecause the Kaluza-Klein beta-functions b˜i do not have differences whose ra-tios exactly match those of the MSSM beta-functions. How serious a problemis this?One immediate observation suggests that this problem is severe. Let ussuppose that we run α1 and α2 up to their unification point, demand ex-act unification with α3 at that point, and then run α3 back down to theZ-scale. Carrying out this calculation using the full result in Eq. (2), we findα3(MZ) ≈ 0.174, which is many standard deviations away from the experimen-tal result. However, in our scenario, it does not take a significant threshold6effect at the unification scale to remedy the situation. For example, it is easyto show that a mere 6% threshold effect at the unification scale can eliminatethis discrepancy. Such threshold effects can easily arise from SUSY thresholds,GUT thresholds, MSSM higher-order logarithmic corrections, and holomorphicanomaly contributions. They can also arise in string theory due to the contri-butions of heavy string states. Of course, these corrections can be calculatedonly when a complete theory at M ′GUTis specified.However, this then raises a new question. Because of the steepness of theslopes of the curves in Fig. 1 near the unification point, it is natural to worrythat our scenario might be unreasonably sensitive to unification-scale effects.For example, if we wish to ensure that α3(MZ) remains within its experimentaluncertainties, how fine-tuned must these threshold effects be? Clearly a fine-tuning factor of 10−6 or more would be unacceptable. However, once again, itis straightforward to show that no major fine-tuning is involved. Specifically,in order to quantify any potential fine-tuning parameter that might be involvedin our scenario due to the steepness of the curves in Fig. 1, we can consider howmuch of a shift ∆M in the unification scale can be tolerated if α3(MZ) is toremain within acceptable limits. Taking ∆α3(MZ) ≈ 0.003 as the experimentaluncertainty around the central value, we find a corresponding unification-scalesensitivity ∆M ≈ 0.13 TeV for µ0 = 1 TeV. This amounts to a fine-tuning ofthe order of one part in ten.Thus, we conclude that our unification scenario is predictive, perturbative,and not unreasonably sensitive to unification-scale effects.4 New Questions Posed by TeV-Scale GUTsGiven this TeV-scale unification, a number of questions immediately arise. Weshall not have space here to discuss these questions in detail, so we shall merelysummarize some of the results that can be found in Refs. 3,6.4.1 Proton DecayFirst, if we contemplate the appearance of a TeV-scale GUT, we immediatelyface the problem of proton-decay mediated by light X and Y bosons andHiggs(ino) triplets. However, these contributions can be cancelled6 to all ordersin perturbation theory as a result of the symmetry properties of the higherdimensions (essentially a parity argument for the fifth dimension). This isthen an intrinsically higher-dimensional solution to the proton-decay problem.74.2 Fermion Masses and Soft MassesJust like the gauge couplings, the Yukawa couplings and soft masses will nowalso experience power-law behavior. Can this be used to explain, for example,the fermion mass hierarchy? Of course, extra dimensions are universal, andwill not introduce a flavor dependence by themselves. Thus, some flavor de-pendence still must be introduced (e.g., in the unification-scale theory). Butthe important point is that this flavor dependence need not be large, becausethe power-law running due to the extra spacetime dimensions can amplify theeffects of even small flavor-dependent couplings. This is discussed in moredetail in Ref. 6.4.3 Need for Supersymmetry?Given that new dimensions could appear at a TeV (thereby eliminating theobvious gauge hierarchy problem), one might also question the need for su-persymmetry. Can the gauge couplings also unify at the TeV scale withoutsupersymmetry? It is found that this can indeed occur in some circumstances6.This then suggests the possibility of non-supersymmetric TeV-scale GUTs.4.4 Embeddings into String TheoryGiven gauge coupling unification in the TeV range, it is natural to considerembedding this scenario into a string theory whose fundamental string scaleis also reduced to the TeV scale. For technical reasons, such a string wouldhave to be an open string.b The possibility of such TeV-scale open strings isdiscussed in Refs.9,4,5,6, and a specific embedding of our scenario into TeV-scalestrings is discussed in Ref. 6.4.5 Next DirectionsClearly, this is only the tip of the iceberg. On the theoretical side, manyaspects of physics beyond the Standard Model must now be considered in anew light. These include issues pertaining to supersymmetry, supersymmetry-breaking, GUT physics, and string theory. For each, we must now investigatethe role of extra large dimensions, and the effects of the drastically alteredenergy scales. Even more excitingly, on the experimental side, many strikingb In Ref. 8, it is pointed out that reduced-scale open strings do not necessarily implypower-law running for the gauge couplings. However, our point is the converse: power-lawrunning for the gauge couplings — which is the only way to lower the GUT scale — requiresreduced-scale open string theories, and is in fact the generic situation for such strings.8signals (such as the production, detection, decays, and indirect effects of TeV-scale Kaluza-Klein states) would be observable at future colliders. Many ofthese signals are discussed in Ref. 1. Thus, it becomes possible to considerprobing the properties of GUTs and strings experimentally, thereby giving riseto a possible new experimental direction for string phenomenology! Finally,because the fundamental energy scales of physics have changed, there will alsobe profound effects for cosmology.As we have said, this is only the tip of the iceberg. However, as is evidentfrom our results as well as those of Refs. 2,4, the important point is that extraspacetime dimensions provide a natural way of bringing fundamental physicsdown to low (and perhaps even accessible) energy scales. This titanic shift inthinking will have many consequences as yet unseen. Let us hope that our shipcan explore this vast iceberg without sinking.AcknowledgmentsWe are happy to thank S. Abel, I. Antoniadis, R. Barbieri, P. Bine´truy, S. Di-mopoulos, M. Dine, A. Ghinculov, G. Kane, S. King, C. Kounnas, J. Lykken,J. March-Russell, J. Pati, M. Quiro´s, S. Raby, L. Randall, R. Rattazzi, G. Ross,S.-H.H. Tye, and C. Wagner for questions and comments on our work.References1. I. Antoniadis, Phys. Lett. B246 (1990) 377; I. Antoniadis, C. Mun˜oz,and M. Quiro´s, Nucl. Phys. B397 (1993) 515; I. Antoniadis, K. Benakli,and M. Quiro´s, Phys. Lett. B331 (1994) 313.2. N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, hep-ph/9803315.3. K.R. Dienes, E. Dudas, and T. Gherghetta, hep-ph/9803466 (to appearin Phys. Lett. B).4. I. Antoniadis, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali,hep-ph/9804398.5. G. Shiu and S.-H.H. Tye, hep-th/9805157.6. K.R. Dienes, E. Dudas, and T. Gherghetta, hep-ph/9806292.7. N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali, hep-ph/9807344.8. C. Bachas, hep-ph/9807415.9. J.D. Lykken, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 3693.10. E. Witten, Nucl. Phys. B471 (1996) 135.9

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