ReviewInvestment in technological research is imperative to stimulate the development of sustainable
solutions for the agricultural sector. Advances in Internet of Things, sensors and sensor
networks, robotics, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, etc. foster the transition towards
the Agriculture 4.0 era. This fourth revolution is currently seen as a possible solution for
improving agricultural growth, ensuring the future needs of the global population in a fair, resilient
and sustainable way. In this context, this article aims at characterising the current Agriculture 4.0
landscape. Emerging trends were compiled using a semi-automated process by analysing relevant
scientific publications published in the past ten years. Subsequently, a literature review focusing
these trends was conducted, with a particular emphasis on their applications in real environments.
From the results of the study, some challenges are discussed, as well as opportunities for future
research. Finally, a high-level cloud-based IoT architecture is presented, serving as foundation for
designing future smart agricultural systems. It is expected that this work will positively impact the
research around Agriculture 4.0 systems, providing a clear characterisation of the concept along with
guidelines to assist the actors in a successful transition towards the digitalisation of the sectorinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
