A semi-analytical description of the 3-D magnetic field distribution of a cylindrical quasi-Halbach permanent magnet array is derived. This model avoids the necessity of time-consuming finite element analyses and allows for fast parameterization to investigate the influence of the number of segments on the magnetic flux density distribution. The segmented magnet is used to approximate an ideal radial magnetized ring in a cylindrical quasi-Halbach array. The model is obtained by solving the Maxwell equations using the magnetic scalar potential and describes the magnetic fields by a Fourier series

Bart L J Gysen

Elena A Lomonova

J J H

Johannes J H Paulides

K J Meessen

Koen J Meessen

Paulides B L J Gysen

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Three-dimensional magnetic field modeling of a
cylindrical Halbach Array
Citation for published version (APA):
Meessen, K. J., Gysen, B. L. J., Paulides, J. J. H., & Lomonova, E. (2010). Three-dimensional magnetic field
modeling of a cylindrical Halbach Array. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 46(6), 1733-1736. DOI:
10.1109/TMAG.2010.2042038
DOI:
10.1109/TMAG.2010.2042038
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Published: 01/01/2010
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 6, JUNE 2010 1733
Three-Dimensional Magnetic Field Modeling
of a Cylindrical Halbach Array
Koen J. Meessen, Bart L. J. Gysen, Johannes J. H. Paulides, and Elena A. Lomonova
Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven MB 5600, The Netherlands
A semi-analytical description of the 3-D magnetic field distribution of a cylindrical quasi-Halbach permanent magnet array is derived.
This model avoids the necessity of time-consuming finite element analyses and allows for fast parameterization to investigate the influence
of the number of segments on the magnetic flux density distribution. The segmented magnet is used to approximate an ideal radial
magnetized ring in a cylindrical quasi-Halbach array. The model is obtained by solving the Maxwell equations using the magnetic scalar
potential and describes the magnetic fields by a Fourier series.
Index Terms—Actuators, magnetic fields, magnetic scalar potential, modeling, permanent magnets.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE NEED FOR efficient actuators with high force densityin industrial applications is rapidly growing. Permanent
magnet (PM) actuators appear to be a good class of machines
to fulfill these requirements. Several papers have been written
on the subject of the design of PM magnet actuators with var-
ious PM configurations. For example, Halbach structures are
exploited to achieve an even higher power density with an in-
creased amount of PM material [1]. Due to the evolution of the
magnetic materials and production techniques, PMs in various
shapes and with different magnetization patterns emerge and the
approximation of an ideal Halbach magnetization improves. In
spite of all efforts, the price of these magnets at this moment is
still high, and hence, the use of magnets with simple shapes and
an easy magnetization is preferred. Therefore, by using multiple
small magnets with a simple shape, more complex magnetiza-
tion patterns are approximated.
Regarding tubular permanent magnet actuators (TPMAs),
several papers discuss the application of quasi-Halbach mag-
netization shown in Fig. 1(a), with radial and axial magnetized
PMs. However, the radial magnetized ring magnet shown in
Fig. 1(b) is difficult to magnetize especially for small radii.
Therefore, in practice this PM is often approximated by dia-
metrically magnetized segments as shown in Fig. 1(c). This
segmented PM results in a 3-D effect, hence, for the exact
magnetic fields in the actuator, a 3-D analysis is required.
Previous papers describing tubular actuators with Halbach
magnetization consider the 2-D problem with perfect radial
magnetized magnets [2], [3].
In this paper a 3-D model is derived which provides the mag-
netic field expression for segmented quasi-Halbach arrays. To
calculate the magnetic fields, a semi-analytical formulation of
the magnetic scalar potential in the 3-D cylindrical coordinate
system is derived. Although the model is quite complex to de-
rive, it avoids the use of time consuming 3-D Finite element
analysis (FEA), and once implemented can easily be used to
Manuscript received October 30, 2009; accepted January 22, 2010. Current
version published May 19, 2010. Corresponding author: K. J. Meessen (e-mail:
k.j.meessen@tue.nl).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMAG.2010.2042038
Fig. 1. (a) Cylindrical quasi-Halbach magnet array, (b) ideal radial magnetized
ring magnet, (c) approximated radial magnetized ring magnet.
calculate the 3-D field effects. In Section II the derivation of the
model including the analytical solution for the magnetic scalar
potential and the flux density is presented. Section III compares
the results from the model with finite element simulations.
II. MODELING
The aim of the model is to calculate the magnetic field in
region I, II and III as depicted in Fig. 1(a). To obtain a model
describing the magnetic fields, the Maxwell equations can be
solved using the magnetic vector potential or the magnetic
scalar potential . The magnetic vector potential results in a
description of the magnetic flux density while the magnetic
scalar potential gives the magnetic field strength .
The main disadvantage of is that it can be applied only
in current free problems, however, this paper investigates only
the magnetic field due to the permanent magnets, and hence,
the model is current free. A major advantage of is the re-
duced complexity in 3-D problems. The magnetic vector poten-
tial will result in a vector with three components each a function
of , while the magnetic scalar potential is a single scalar
function of . Therefore, the magnetic scalar potential is
used which is defined as
(1)
0018-9464/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
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1734 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 46, NO. 6, JUNE 2010
In the model, the following assumptions are made:
1) The soft-magnetic parts are infinitely permeable
2) The cylinder is infinitely long, the end-effects are not taken
into account.
3) The permanent magnets have a linear demagnetization
characteristic, and are fully magnetized in the direction of
magnetization.
4) All regions are non-conducting and current-free.
The scalar potential has to be solved in the source free regions,
I and III, and in the permanent magnet region II. In the latter
region this results in the Poisson (2), and in region I and III in
the Laplace (3)
(2)
(3)
where is the relative permeability of the permanent magnets
and the magnetization vector describing the magnet array by
means of a Fourier series.
A. Magnetization
The magnetization vector describing the cylindrical Halbach
array has three components
(4)
where are the unit vectors in the radial, angular and
axial direction respectively. The position dependency is pro-
vided by the product of two Fourier series. The first Fourier
series describes the magnetization as function of and has a
fundamental period of 2 . This pole pitch is defined by
the number of segments of the ring magnet, , through
. The second Fourier series describes the dependency
in the direction and has a fundamental period of .
In general, the magnetization of a quasi-Halbach array can
be split in two parts, the normal magnetized magnets and the
tangential magnetized magnets.
1) Normal Magnetized Magnets: The normal magnetized
magnets are in this case the segmented diametrically magne-
tized ring magnet as shown in Fig. 1(c). Due to these diamet-
rically magnetized magnets, the magnetization vector contains,
besides a radial component, , a component in the angular,
direction, . In Fig. 2, the two components of the magneti-
zation are shown representing a magnet which consists of four
segments.
Besides the dependency of and are a function of
as the normal magnetized magnets are enclosed by tangential
magnetized magnets in the axial, , direction. Hence, the mag-
netization can be described as
(5)
(6)
Fig. 2. Magnetization vector where the upper graph describes a ring magnet
containing four segments as function of   and the second graph describes the
magnetization as function of 
where , are the spatial frequencies in the angular
direction and , are the spatial frequencies in
the axial direction. Since has a DC-offset in the angular
direction, as can be seen in Fig. 2, the summation of the Fourier
series describing the angular dependency starts from . The
coefficients of the Fourier series are
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
2) Tangential Magnetized Magnets: To reduce the com-
plexity of the expression of the magnetic scalar potential,
the magnetization of the tangential (or axially) magnetized
magnets, , has the same form as and
(11)
However, is independent of the angular position, , as
described in Fig. 2. Therefore, has only a nonzero value
for , while describes a square wave.
(12)
(13)
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MEESSEN et al.: THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETIC FIELD MODELING OF A CYLINDRICAL HALBACH ARRAY 1735
B. Magnetic Field Description
In [4] a solution for the magnetic scalar potential for a 3-D
problem with radial magnetization in cylindrical coordinates is
given. The solution consists of a Fourier series where the coeffi-
cients contain modified Bessel functions of the first and second
kind, and respectively. For the problem de-
scribed in this paper, a similar solution is used, however the
magnetization in this problem has, besides a radial component,
components in the and direction.
Solving (2) using the method of separation of variables results
in the magnetic scalar potential as given in (14). Inserting this
expression in (1) results in expressions for the three components
of the magnetic field with unknown coefficients and for
each region. These equations describe the magnetic field in all
regions, I, II and III, as shown in Fig. 1. In the source free regions
I and III, the expression can be simplified because the functions
are zero
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
C. Boundary Conditions
The unknown coefficients and for each region in (14)
can be found by solving boundary conditions in all regions.
From the axis-symmetric coordinate system follows the first
Dirichlet boundary condition. Furthermore, the magnetic scalar
potential, , and the normal component of the magnetic flux
density, , should be continuous at each interface resulting in
boundary condition 2 to 5 as listed below. As the iron at
is assumed to be infinitely permeable, the tangential components
of the magnetic field strength in region III at should be
TABLE I
MODEL PARAMETERS
Fig. 3. A 3-D representation of the radial component of the flux density in the
center of region III, calculated using the semi-analytical model.
zero. As the magnetic field strength is the derivative of the mag-
netic scalar potential (14), the magnetic scalar potential should
be constant, , at this radius
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
III. RESULTS
As the expression of the magnetic scalar potential (14)
contains twice an infinite sum, an approximation over a finite
number of harmonics is needed to find a solution. Therefore, in
the following sections, the number of harmonics describing the
potential and magnetic fields in the axial direction is limited to
while the number of harmonics in the angular direction is
limited to . Consequently, solving the boundary conditions
results in equations.
This set of equations is implemented in MATLAB® together
with the magnetization and numerical approximations for the
integrals in . This results in a solution for
the magnetic fields in the three regions as shown in Fig. 1(a).
The magnetic field distribution is calculated for the geometric
parameters given in Table I. In Fig. 3, the radial component of
the flux density in the center of region III is shown. The four
segments of the normal magnetized magnet are clearly visible.
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Fig. 4. Comparison of the flux density in the center of region III (at     
mm) calculated by FEM model and the analytical model. The three components
of the flux density are shown as function of the angular position at a constant
    mm.
A. Comparison With FEM
The results of the model are verified with a 3-D FEM model
created in FLUX3D with the same assumptions as listed in
Section II, i.e., an infinitely long cylinder and infinitely per-
meable iron. The magnetic field distribution in the center of
region III at mm is depicted in Figs. 5 and 4. In Fig. 5,
the three components of the flux density are calculated for a
constant mm as function of the angular position . The
figure shows the flux density for
and shows good agreement between the FEM model and the
analytical model. Fig. 4 shows the flux density components for
a constant as function of the axial position for
. The deviation between the two
models is in all points smaller than 3%. However, as can be seen
for the tangential component of the flux density in Fig. 4, the
FEM results contain some small fluctuations, which contribute
to the total deviation as well.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper concerns the 3-D modeling of a cylindrical
quasi-Halbach permanent magnet array. The effects of seg-
mentation of the normal magnetized magnets are calculated
Fig. 5. Comparison of the flux density in the center of region III (at     
mm) calculated by FEM model and the analytical model. The three components
of the flux density are shown as function of the axial position at a constant   
  rad.
which were neglected in previous publications regarding 2-D
modeling quasi-Halbach arrays [2], [3]. The derivation of a
three dimensional semi-analytical model describing the seg-
mentation effect in a quasi-Halbach cylinder is presented. The
magnetic field description is obtained by solving the Maxwell
equations using the magnetic scalar potential. The resulting
model is implemented and verified with a FEM model and
shows good agreement. The model can be used to calculate the
effect of using segments in a quasi-Halbach array without the
need for a time-consuming FEM analysis.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Halbach, “Design of permanent multipole magnets with oriented
rare earth cobalt material,” Nucl. Instr. Methods, vol. 69, no. 1, pp.
1–10, 1980.
[2] W.-J. Kim, M. Berhan, D. Trumper, and J. Lang, “Analysis and im-
plementation of a tubular motor with Halbach magnet array,” in Proc.
Thirty-First IAS Conf., Oct. 1996, vol. 1, pp. 471–478, vol. 1.
[3] J. Wang and D. Howe, “Tubular modular permanent-magnet machines
equipped with quasi-Halbach magnetized magnets—Part I: Magnetic
field distribution, EMF, and thrust force,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 41,
no. 9, pp. 2470–2478, Sep. 2005.
[4] A. Youmssi, “A three-dimensional semi-analytical study of the mag-
netic field excitation in a radial surface permanent-magnet synchronous
motor,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 3832–3841, Dec. 2006.
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Three-Dimensional Magnetic Field Modeling of a Cylindrical Halbach Array

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Three-Dimensional Magnetic Field Modeling of a Cylindrical Halbach Array

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