Abstract The municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI

H J H Brouwers

M V A Florea

P Spiesz

P Tang

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Thermal treatment on MSWI bottom ash fines
Citation for published version (APA):
Tang, P., Florea, M. V. A., Spiesz, P. R., & Brouwers, H. J. H. (2014). Thermal treatment on MSWI bottom ash
fines. In V. Bilek, & Z. Kersner (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference of Non-Traditional Cement
and Concrete (NTCC2014), June 16-19, 2014, Brno, Czech Republic (pp. 305-306). Brno: NOVPRESS.
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Published: 01/01/2014
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Download date: 29. Jun. 2019
NTCC2014: International Conference on Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete  ISBN: 978-80-214-4867-4 
 
THERMAL TREATMENT ON MSWI BOTTOM ASH FINES 
P. Tang1, M.V.A. Florea2, P. Spiesz3, H.J.H. Brouwers4 
1 Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, p.tang@tue.nl 
2 Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, m.v.a.florea@tue.nl 
3 Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, p.spiesz@tue.nl 
4 Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, jos.brouwers@tue.nl   
 
  Abstract 
The municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash is the main by-product in the waste-to-energy plant, which accounts 
for about 80% of the total by-products. The further challenge after incineration is to find a suitable way to dispose or use the solid 
residue. It is well understood that the bottom ash contains contaminants, such as heavy metals, which pose an environmental risk. 
In order to reduce landfill of these residues and enhance the recycling of resources, different treatments are applied to upgrade 
the quality of the bottom ash, for instance, weathering, washing, etc. However, the treatments on the MSWI fine bottom ash 
particles are less sufficient. Hence, in this study the thermal treatment is applied on fine bottom ash and its effect on the bottom 
ash properties are investigated.    
 
Key Words: MSWI bottom ash fines, thermal treatment, cement hydration, leaching properties 
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION 
The municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom 
ash has the potential to be used as a building material 
ingredient [1]. However, the leaching concentration of 
some heavy metals, as well as salts, poses an 
environmental risk [2]. Hence, treatments are conducted 
on the bottom ash to upgrade its quality [3]. The leachable 
contaminants in fine bottom ash (< 2 mm) are higher than 
that of coarse bottom ash particles. In this study, the 
thermal treatment is conducted on the bottom ash fines, 
and its effect on the bottom ash properties is investigated. 
Moreover, the possibility of use of treated bottom ash 
fines as cement replacement is studied. 
 
1.1 Treatment and materials 
The MSWI bottom ash is provided by the waste-to-energy 
plant of Attero (the Netherlands), and the particles below 2 
mm which contains higher amount of contaminants than 
coarse bottom ash particles is chosen to be investigated. 
The cement used in this study is CEM I 52.5 R. Thermal 
treatments at different temperature, combined with milling 
and sieving is performed on the fine bottom ash. The 
procedure is described below and summarized in Fig. 1.   
• Method 1: milling the bottom ash to reduce its 
particle size, the sample is labelled as S1;  
• Method 2: firstly milling the bottom ash, followed 
by a thermal treatment at 550 ˚C or 750 ˚C in an 
oven, the samples are labelled as S2 and S3;  
• Method 3: thermally treating the bottom ash in an 
oven under 550 ˚C, and then milling the treated 
bottom ash, the sample is labelled as S4; 
• Method 4: thermally treating the bottom ash in an 
oven at 550 ˚C, followed by selecting the particles 
below 63 µm after milling, the sample is labelled 
as S5.   
                   
Fig. 1: The description of treatments procedure on bottom 
ash fines 
1.2 Methods 
The chemical compositions of the treated bottom ash and 
cement are determined by the x-ray fluorescence (XRF). 
The effect of treated bottom ash on the cement hydration 
is investigated using the isothermal calorimetric 
measurement. The water to cement ratio is 0.7 and 30% of 
cement is replaced by the treated bottom ashes. The 
leaching properties of the treated bottom ash are evaluated 
by applying column leaching test according to Dutch 
standard NEN 7383 (2004) [4]. 
 
2. RESULTS 
The treated bottom ashes have similar chemical 
compositions as cement, and the total amount of SiO2-
CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 accounts for more than 70% wt. of the 
bottom ash. However, the treated bottom ashes contain 
 
2014, June 16–19, Brno, Czech Republic        305 
NTCC2014: International Conference on Non-Traditional Cement and Concrete  ISBN: 978-80-214-4867-4 
 
higher amount of SiO2 and less CaO than cement, and the 
content of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 is relatively high. Thermal 
treatment contributes to a decrease amount of Cl and SO3. 
S5 has higher content of CaO, and relatively lower amount 
of SiO2. Furthermore, the Cl and SO3 content in this 
sample are the highest.  
 
Table 1: Chemical compositions  
 
% wt. CEM S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 
SiO2 17.4 39.3 42.1 41.8 37.3 26.7 
CaO 66.0 21.9 20.2 20.3 22.6 30.0 
Al2O3 3.9 10.1 9.8 10.0 10.3 11.8 
Fe2O3 3.6 12.7 12.2 12.3 12.8 9.8 
Cl 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.1 
SO3 4.0 5.7 5.4 5.3 6.1 9.2 
Others 2.9 8.7 8.4 9.0 8.8 9.0 
 
The heat development during the hydration of cement and 
treated bottom ashes mixes (Fig. 2) shows that the bottom 
ash has a retardation effect on cement hydration and 
thermal treatment of pre-milled bottom ash can minimize 
this effect. Moreover, it is observed that the aluminate 
reaction in the decelerate stage is enhanced by adding 
treated bottom ashes.   
 
Fig.2: The heat evolution of cement with 30% treated 
bottom ash  
Table 2: The leaching properties of treated samples  
(mg/kg) Limited value S1 S4 S5 
Sb 0.16 0.79 0.037 0.023 
Cu 0.9 3.6 <0.050 0.3 
Mo 1 0.67 1.4 2.6 
Cl 616 4400 3300 6600 
SO3 1730 16000 20000 23000 
 
The leaching results shown in Table 2 indicate that the 
leaching of Sb and Cu of bottom ashes after thermal 
treatment is significantly reduced, and is well under the 
limit level. The leaching of Cl after thermal treatment 
decreases. S5 has highest leaching concentration of all the 
analysed compounds.  
 
CONCLUSIONS 
The thermal treatment on milled bottom ash contributes to 
the decrease of Cl and SO3 content. Moreover, the thermal 
treatment reduces the retardation effect of fine bottom ash 
on cement hydration. The higher amount of SO3 in the 
treated bottom ash enhances the second aluminate reaction 
in the decelerate stage of cement hydration. After thermal 
treatment the leaching properties of the bottom ash is 
improved, especially copper and antimony. 
 
REFERENCES 
[1] A.A. Al-Rawas, A. Wahid Hago, R. Taha, K. Al-
Kharousi, Use of incinerator ash as a replacement for 
cement and sand in cement mortars, Build. Environ. 40 
(2005) 1261–1266. 
[2] C.C. Wiles, Municipal solid waste combustion ash : 
State-of-the-knowledge, J. Hazard. Mater. 47 (1996) 325–
344. 
[3] H. Ecke, H. Sakanakura, T. Matsuto, N. Tanaka, a. 
Lagerkvist, State-of-the-art treatment processes for 
municipal solid waste incineration residues in Japan, 
Waste Manag. Res. 18 (2000) 41–51. 
[4] NEN 7383, Uitloogkarakteristieken -Bepaling van de 
cumulatieve uitloging van anorganische componenten uit 
poeder- en korrelvormige materialen met een 
vereenvoudigde procedure voor de kolomproef - Vaste 
grond- en steenachtige materialen, (2004).  
 
BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 
P. Tang is a PhD candidate at Eindhoven 
University of Technology since 2011. Her PhD 
topic is concerning the treatment and application 
of secondary raw materials. 
 
M.V.A. Florea is a postdoctoral researcher at 
TU/e, after finishing a PhD thesis on secondary 
materials for cement-based products in 2014. 
 
 
P. Spiesz is a postdoctoral researcher at the 
TU/e, where he obtained his PhD title in 2013. 
His research interests include durability of 
concrete and concrete technology. 
 
H.J.H. Brouwers is professor Building 
Materials and head of the unit Building Physics 
& Services at Eindhoven University of 
Technology. 
 
 
2014, June 16–19, Brno, Czech Republic        306 


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